Peanut stalk rot is a serious disease that significantly affects peanut crops. It causes root rot, stem rot, and seedling death. On average, it leads to about 10% of seedlings dying, with up to 20-30% in heavily infected areas and as high as 80% in extreme cases. This has a major impact on yield and production. Due to the widespread occurrence of this disease last year in our province, along with high bacterial levels in the soil and recent heavy rainfall, some spring-planted fields have already started showing symptoms. Local authorities should intensify monitoring and implement timely control measures.
The disease primarily infects the rhizomes of peanuts and often occurs alongside root rot. It spreads quickly and can lead to high seedling mortality. The disease can occur at any growth stage, but it is most severe during the flowering period. At the seedling stage, cotyledons turn dark, and yellow-brown water-soaked lesions appear at the base of the stems, which can result in dead seedlings. In the adult stage, leaves become lighter in color, wilt during midday, and may recover later. Yellow-brown water-soaked lesions develop on roots and stems, and as the disease progresses, plants become wilted and eventually die. The affected parts are easily peeled off, revealing black-brown fibers, and dark spots may be visible. Early detection is crucial, but initial symptoms can resemble nutrient deficiencies, so it's important to check for discoloration or spots on roots and stems by pulling up the plants.
The disease is mainly transmitted through soil and contaminated seeds, and it spreads rapidly after heavy rains, leading to increased incidence in wet years. There are two main periods when the disease tends to occur. The first peak occurs from late May to late June, coinciding with the flowering stage of spring-planted peanuts. This period requires more water and nutrients, making it a critical time for infection. The second peak occurs in August, when summer-planted peanuts begin to flower. Warm temperatures and moderate rainfall create ideal conditions for bacterial infection. If both periods experience heavy rain, the disease will likely worsen. Fields with poor drainage and heavy clay soils are especially vulnerable.
To manage the disease effectively, prevention is key. Once symptoms are detected, immediate action must be taken to prevent further spread. First, proper field management is essential. This includes balanced fertilization, appropriate planting density, timely weeding, and effective drainage to promote strong plant growth and improve resistance to disease. Second, before sowing, drying seeds in sunny weather for 1–2 days can help kill bacteria on the seed coat while improving germination rates. Third, using chemical seed treatments is an efficient way to protect against soil-borne diseases and pests. Some farmers may only use insecticides, but it's recommended to combine fungicides like carbendazim with insecticides. For example, a 0.2% carbendazim solution (1 liter per 1 kg of seed) can be used, either by soaking the seeds for 24 hours or applying the solution directly before planting. Finally, during the growing season, regular preventive sprays are necessary. A 50% carbendazim wettable powder or 70% thiophanate-methyl can be diluted at a ratio of 600–800 times, using 50–60 liters of water per hectare. Apply the solution directly to the base of the stems using a sprayer without a nozzle to ensure thorough coverage.
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