The scientific name *Oulema oryzae* (Kuwayama) belongs to the order Coleoptera, commonly known as rice leaf beetles. It is also referred to as back maggots or swine maggots. This pest is primarily found in the northeastern and central-southern rice-growing regions of China.
It mainly infests rice, wheat, corn, millet, sorghum, reeds, and various grasses such as alkali grass and Lees' clam. Its wide host range makes it a significant threat to agricultural crops.
The injury caused by this pest is characterized by larvae feeding on the leaf tissues, leaving only the veins or a thin transparent epidermis. This results in white streaks on the leaves, which can eventually turn completely white and dry, leading to wilting of the entire plant in severe infestations.
Morphologically, the adult beetle measures 3.7–4.6 mm in length and 1.6–2.2 mm in width. The head, antennae, and small scutellum are black, while the pronotum and legs are yellow-brown to reddish-brown. The elytra are blue with a metallic sheen, and the ventral surface is black. The head is engraved, with antennae extending up to half the body length. The prothoracic plate is longer than it is wide. The scutellum is trapezoidal in shape, and the elytra have ten longitudinal grooves. Eggs are oval, about 0.7 mm long, initially light yellow and later turning dark green or grayish brown. The larvae measure 4–6 mm in length, with four instars. Their heads are dark brown, and their dorsal area is prominently bulged. After hatching, they often leave yellow or dark green droppings on their backs. They are approximately 4.5 mm long, covered with white, cotton-like secretions.
The life cycle of *Oulema oryzae* involves one generation per year. Overwintering adults emerge in early spring near ditches, ponds, and fields, feeding on weeds and grasses. As rice and other crops begin to grow, adults migrate to these plants and start feeding. Eggs are laid at the leaf tips, mostly on the upper surface and leaf sheaths, typically in groups of 2–13 arranged in two rows. Newly hatched larvae feed on the heart leaves before spreading to the outer leaves. They avoid light and prefer to feed during morning dew or sunny afternoons, hiding under the leaves or in the center of the plant. In the final instar, larvae spin a white cocoon and pupate. Adults overwinter after mid-August. Female adults live for 309–328 days, while males live for 245–277 days. Mating occurs at temperatures between 16–22°C and humidity levels of 80%. Females mate repeatedly, while males do not. The first mating session usually happens between 9–16 hours, and the second between 18–23 hours. Spawning begins when the average daily temperature exceeds 15°C.
Control methods include drying the field and applying lime powder to sweep larvae off the leaves. Early morning dew can be used to wash larvae into the soil. Manual removal combined with tillage is also effective. During the first and second larval stages, spraying 50% emamectin benzoate at 1000 times dilution, 25% chlorfenapyr EC at 1000 times, 190% trichlorfon 800 times, or 50% phoxim emulsion at 1500 times is recommended. Apply 75 L of spray solution per 667 m². Repeat the treatment every 10 days, depending on the severity of the infestation.
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