The cub is a small oyster that reaches approximately 150 grams in weight, with about 10 grams of body mass. The quail species, on the other hand, is a larger type of animal that typically weighs around 150 grams but does not exceed 400 grams. This stage is crucial for pupa production, as it significantly influences the success of future breeding efforts. In greenhouses, rapid breeding and production of pups and clams are carried out during the colder months of winter and spring. To ensure optimal growth, several key steps must be carefully followed.
First, **stocking density** plays an important role. Once the juvenile weight exceeds 10 grams, it enters the rearing phase. At this point, the stocking density should follow specific guidelines. For example, when the average body weight is 10 grams, the density can be set at 10 per square meter, with a total weight of 0.7 kg/m² and water depth between 10–15 cm. As the weight increases, the density decreases accordingly. The table below outlines the recommended stocking densities based on different weight ranges:
| Average Body Weight (g) | Stocking Density (per m²) | Total Weight (kg/m²) | Water Depth (cm) |
|--------------------------|----------------------------|-----------------------|------------------|
| 10 | 10 | 0.7 | 10–15 |
| 11 | 22 | 1.4 | 10–15 |
| 12 | 35 | 2.1 | 15–20 |
| 1 | 48 | 2.6 | 15–20 |
| 2 | 75 | 3.0 | 20–25 |
| 3 | 100 | 3.5 | 25–35 |
| 4 | 150 | 4.5 | 35–45 |
| 5 | 200 | 5.0 | 45–55 |
| 6 | 250 | 5.0 | 55–70 |
Second, **feeding requirements** become more critical as the animals grow. While the nutritional needs for feed calves and pupas are less strict than for juveniles, the food intake increases with size. Therefore, selecting high-quality feed and employing proper feeding techniques remain essential. Feeding follows the "four principles" rule: consistency, quality, timing, and quantity. Juveniles and quails should be fed with high-quality larvae or compound feeds. Before feeding, the feed may be processed into soft granules with a particle size of 3.0–3.5 mm or up to 5 mm. When preparing larger quantities, some vegetable juice can be added to boost vitamin content.
The daily feeding amount increases with body weight, while the feeding rate decreases. The feeding rates are divided into three levels:
- 11–50 grams: 3.0%–3.5%
- 51–150 grams: 2.5%–3.0%
- 150–250 grams: 2.0%–2.5%
Feed amounts should be adjusted every 10 days based on weight gain, and all food should be consumed within 3–4 hours after feeding.
Third, **daily management** of the pups and quails closely resembles general livestock care. Key practices include:
1. **Temperature control**: Maintain a temperature of 30°C in the greenhouse, with room temperatures kept at 32–33°C. Humidity should be kept between 65–75%. High humidity above 90% can reduce food intake and increase disease risk.
2. **Water level and quality control**: As the animals grow, the water depth in the pond increases. Maintaining clean water is vital. Organic waste and excrement decompose at high temperatures, leading to poor water quality. To prevent this, oxygenation is used to improve decomposition, siphoning is performed to remove waste, and fresh water is regularly added.
3. **Disease prevention**: Common diseases include skin perforation, red soleplate disease, male precocious puberty, and genital extension. For detailed prevention and treatment methods, refer to the "Caries prevention and treatment" section.
By following these guidelines, breeders can ensure healthy growth and successful pupa production in controlled environments.
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