The sweet and delicious melon is a traditional favorite among people in both urban and rural areas across the country. Known for its thick skin, it has become a premium fruit often enjoyed after meals and is highly popular in international markets. As the economy grows and living standards improve, the demand for this fruit continues to rise, leading to rapid expansion in its production and cultivation areas. In this article, we will focus on the greenhouse cultivation techniques of the "West Bilotto" variety of thick-skinned melon, commonly grown in Shanghai and surrounding regions.
First, land selection plays a crucial role in successful melon farming. It's important to avoid planting melons in the same area where previous crops like gourds or cucumbers were grown, as these can lead to diseases such as blight. A proper crop rotation system, especially between dry land and paddy fields, helps prevent soil-borne diseases. Dryland should be rotated every 6–8 years, while paddy fields require a 2–4 year cycle. The ideal soil is deep, well-drained, and rich in organic matter, which promotes healthy root development.
Next, preparing the soil is essential. Deep plowing to a depth of 25–30 cm improves soil structure, increases air space, and enhances nutrient absorption. Before planting, a full amount of base fertilizer should be applied, including farmyard manure, phosphorus, and potassium. Using long-term slow-release fertilizers ensures a steady supply of nutrients. Soil preparation typically involves creating raised beds, with a standard width of 6 meters, divided into two rows of 3 meters each, with a height of about 0.2–0.25 meters.
When it comes to planting seedlings, timing is key. Greenhouse sowing usually begins when temperatures stabilize above 12°C. In Shanghai and nearby areas, seeds are generally sown from mid-January to early February, and seedlings are ready for transplanting after about 30 days. Seed treatment with warm water at 55–60°C for 3–4 hours helps disinfect and promote germination. After soaking, seeds are wrapped in moist cloth and kept at 28–30°C for germination, ensuring even moisture and temperature.
Preparing nutritious soil for seedlings is another critical step. A mix of paddy soil, manure, and phosphate fertilizer is used, and no additional fertilizer is added 10 days before sowing. Properly prepared soil helps protect the delicate roots during transplanting.
Sowing is done carefully, with seeds placed flat and covered with a thin layer of soil. After planting, the bed is covered with plastic to maintain warmth and moisture. Seedbed management focuses on temperature control, with initial temperatures kept around 30–35°C, then gradually reduced once seedlings emerge.
Electric heating systems can be installed under the seedbed to maintain optimal soil temperature, helping seedlings grow strong and healthy. Disease prevention measures, such as using thiophanate-methyl, are also important to ensure healthy growth.
Once seedlings are ready, they are transplanted into the field. Planting is done in mid-February, with careful handling to avoid damaging the roots. Proper spacing, around 550–600 plants per mu, ensures good growth. Stakes and arches are used to support the vines and help them grow smoothly.
Throughout the growing period, temperature, ventilation, and watering must be carefully managed. Ventilation helps regulate humidity and temperature, while proper irrigation supports fruit development. Pruning, pollination, and fruit thinning are essential practices that enhance yield and quality.
Pest and disease control are ongoing concerns, and preventive measures are vital. Common issues include fungal infections and aphids, which can be controlled using appropriate pesticides. Harvesting occurs about 40 days after flowering, when the melon turns white and translucent. Proper harvesting and storage techniques help maintain quality and extend shelf life.
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