What are the classification of biogas fermentation raw materials?

Biogas fermentation relies on organic waste as its raw material, offering an efficient and eco-friendly way to manage such waste. However, the chemical composition and structural characteristics of these materials vary significantly due to their different sources and formation processes. As a result, their performance during biogas fermentation can differ greatly. **Based on the source of raw materials:** 1. **Rural Fermentation Materials** - **Nitrogen-rich materials**: These typically include human and animal manure, as well as some plant-based materials with a low carbon-to-nitrogen ratio (C:N < 25:1), which falls within the ideal range for biogas production. Since these materials have already undergone partial digestion in the digestive system of animals, they contain many low-molecular-weight compounds that are easy to break down under anaerobic conditions. They usually have high moisture content, making them suitable for direct feeding into digesters without prior treatment. This results in faster gas production and shorter fermentation cycles. - **Carbon-rich materials**: Common in rural areas, these include crop residues like straw, rice husks, and other fibrous plant materials. They are rich in cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, and waxes, leading to a higher C:N ratio (often above 40:1), which is less favorable for rapid biogas production. These materials decompose more slowly, requiring longer fermentation periods. Due to their low density and high dry matter content, they tend to float in the digester, forming a "floating shell" that reduces efficiency. To improve gas yield and utilization, pretreatment such as chopping or mixing is often necessary before fermentation. 2. **Urban Organic Wastewater**: This includes domestic sewage, food waste, industrial organic wastewater, sludge, and other similar byproducts. These materials are typically liquid or semi-liquid and are rich in organic compounds, making them highly suitable for biogas production. However, they require proper management to avoid clogging or imbalances in the digestion process. 3. **Aquatic Plants**: Species like water hyacinth, water lettuce, and algae are known for their fast growth and high biomass production. Their soft tissues make them easy to degrade under anaerobic conditions, resulting in quick gas production. However, they often contain air pockets that cause them to float in the digester. To prevent this, it’s recommended to dry or stack them for a day before feeding them into the biogas tank. **Based on the form of raw materials:** 1. **Solid Materials**: Such as straw, agricultural waste, and urban organic solid waste. These have high dry matter content and are typically used in dry fermentation systems. In rural China, straw is often used as a base material in hydraulic biogas digesters, helping to extend the gas production period. However, they can lead to crust formation and sedimentation, making material discharge difficult. 2. **Pulp-Liquid Materials**: This includes manure, livestock excrement, and other slurry-like substances. Fresh manure usually has around 20% dry matter, while when mixed with water, the concentration drops to about 10%. These materials are commonly used in wet fermentation systems and can be combined with solid materials for better performance. Sewage sludge also falls into this category. 3. **Organic Wastewater**: Such as distillery waste, soy processing wastewater, and other liquid byproducts from food industries. These contain significant amounts of proteins, fats, and carbohydrates, making them excellent feedstocks for biogas production. Due to their high organic content, they can be efficiently processed using advanced anaerobic digesters.

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