In order to ensure the health and breeding performance of bulls, it is essential to carefully formulate their feed according to their specific nutritional needs. The diet should be balanced, containing a variety of ingredients that are palatable, easy to digest, and nutritionally complete. It should include a proper mix of fine and coarse feeds, green forage, and concentrates. The concentrate portion should be rich in high-quality protein, making up approximately 40% of the total nutritional value.
When feeding, it's important not to overfeed juicy or roughage-based feeds, as excessive amounts can lead to an enlarged digestive system, commonly referred to as "grass-bellied," which may negatively affect breeding efficiency. High-carbohydrate feeds like corn should be limited, as they can cause weight loss in breeding bulls and reduce their fertility. On the other hand, protein-rich feeds such as soybean meal are beneficial but should be used with caution due to their acidic nature, which can interfere with sperm formation. Silage, though alkaline, also contains organic acids and should be fed in moderation.
Minerals like bone meal and salt play a crucial role in maintaining bull health and semen quality. Bone meal, in particular, must be included to provide adequate calcium and phosphorus. Salt helps stimulate digestion and metabolism, but too much can have a negative impact on sexual function. If the concentrate feed causes poor semen quality, it’s advisable to reduce the amount and increase high-quality hay. When the diet lacks sufficient protein, adding animal-based supplements like eggs, fish meal, or milk can greatly improve reproductive performance.
For a bull weighing 100 kg, it is recommended to feed 0.4–0.6 kg of concentrate daily, with a maximum of 8 kg per day. Green roughage should be given at about 1–1.5 kg of hay, 0.6–0.8 kg of silage, and 0.8–1.0 kg of carrots per 100 kg of body weight, totaling around 10–12 kg per day. In summer, when fresh grass is available, up to 2–3 kg of medium-quality grass per 100 kg can be provided. Additional nutrients like 0.4–0.5 kg of eggs, 2–3 kg of milk, or 100–150 g of fishmeal and bone meal, along with 70–80 g of salt, should be included daily.
Clean, fresh water must always be available. However, it is best to avoid giving water immediately before or after mating or artificial insemination, as this can affect the bull’s health. Bulls should never be allowed to drink from dirty or contaminated sources.
Proper management of breeding bulls begins with understanding their unique characteristics. From a physiological standpoint, breeding bulls possess three key traits: strong memory, strong defensive reflexes, and strong sexual reflexes. Their ability to remember people and events over long periods means that past experiences—whether positive or negative—can influence their behavior. For example, a bull may show aggression toward someone who once harmed it or had a negative interaction.
Bulls also have strong defensive instincts, often reacting aggressively to unfamiliar people or situations. Therefore, individuals who are not familiar with bull behavior should avoid approaching them without proper guidance. Lastly, their sexual reflexes are highly sensitive, with rapid erection and ejaculation responses. If these urges are not properly managed through regular breeding or artificial collection, it can lead to undesirable behaviors such as masturbation or aggression.
Although individual temperaments may vary, all breeding bulls share these three fundamental traits. Effective management requires attention to environmental conditions, consistent training, and a deep understanding of each bull’s behavior. With proper care and handling, breeding bulls can maintain optimal health and reproductive performance throughout their breeding season.
Pharmaceutical intermediates
Drug Intermediates -Pharmaceutical intermediates: A material that is produced during a process step of the drug substance and must undergo further molecular changes or refining before it becomes a drug substance. The intermediates can be separated or not separated.
Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (APIS)(or Drug Substance) : Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API)(or Drug Substance) : Any substance or mixture of substances intended to be used in the manufacture of pharmaceutical products and, when used in pharmaceutical products, to be an active ingredient in pharmaceutical products. Such substances have pharmacological activity or other direct effects in the diagnosis, treatment, symptom relief, management or prevention of disease, or can affect the function and structure of the body. As can be seen from the definition, the Intermediates APIS is a key product of the previous process of manufacturing the API and has a different structure from the API
Finally, for example, amoxicillin capsules are called preparations, amoxicillin is called APIS, and 6-APA is called Veterinary Intermediates APIS.
Penicillin potassium for injection is called preparation, penicillin potassium is called Veterinary raw materials, and green potassium industrial salt is called intermediate
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