The sudden death of pepper plants during the summer is often caused by a combination of factors such as stem rot, blight, root rot, and heavy rainfall. In addition, some plants die due to the "three falls" phenomenon—falling flowers, fruits, and leaves—triggered by extreme heat, rain, and drought. This leads to poor management, which in turn causes plant death. It's essential for farmers to first identify the specific cause of the problem before implementing any treatment.
Pepper fusarium wilt typically shows symptoms like slow growth during flowering, yellowing of lower leaves that gradually moves upward, and wilting at midday that recovers at night. As the disease progresses, the entire plant may wilt and die. Affected stems often display longitudinal cracks, with yellow-brown streaks between the nodes and a sticky, resin-like substance oozing out. When wet, a white or pink mold may appear on the surface. The vascular tissues and roots become discolored and soft, and the plant can be easily pulled from the soil. Cutting through the stem reveals brown discoloration in the vascular bundles.
Root rot in peppers starts with water-soaked lesions near the base of the stem, which eventually become sunken and decay. The main and lateral roots are affected, leading to root death without the disease spreading upward.
Stem rot usually appears in larger seedlings after transplanting. Lesions form at the base of the stem, starting as dark brown spots that spread around the stem, causing the outer layer to rot. Leaves above the infected area turn yellow, and during fruit development, plants may wilt due to lack of nutrients and water. Excessive moisture, high plant density, and poor air circulation contribute to the problem. Soil conditions like continuous cropping, pathogen buildup, and high ground temperatures also play a role. Human factors include planting large seedlings, improper handling during transplanting, and damage from covering films, trellises, and vine management.
These diseases are all fungal in nature and can persist in the soil for years, especially in continuously cropped fields.
**Control Methods:**
1. Practice crop rotation for 3–5 years, avoiding legumes. Replace seedlings every 2–3 years or use fresh soil to reduce disease risk.
2. Improve soil quality by deep plowing and adding soil conditioners. Apply 1,200–1,500 kg of slaked lime per hectare to suppress pathogens. Use non-tillage soil conditioners to aerate the soil, leach out pathogens, and reduce their concentration in the topsoil.
3. Disinfect seeds before planting using methods like warm water soaking, dry heat treatment, or drying at 70°C–75°C for 5–7 days.
4. Implement proper cultivation practices: choose well-drained plots, use raised beds, avoid excessive watering, and ensure timely drainage during rainy seasons. Balance nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizers. Remove diseased seedlings early and use smaller, healthier seedlings to minimize damage. Handle the plants gently during planting, cover the soil with mulch, and avoid unnecessary contact with the soil during growth.
5. Apply chemical treatments early, such as 50% carbendazim WP diluted 500 times, 50% thiophanate-methyl 400 times, 10% douching II 200–300 times, agricultural resistance 120 100 times, or 48% rebaudiometer aqueous solution 800 times. Apply 0.25 kg of solution per plant, once every 10 days for 2–3 applications.
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