Pepper plants that die in summer are often the result of stem rot, blight, root rot, and heavy rain. Some cases are linked to the "three falls" phenomenon—falling flowers, falling fruits, and falling leaves—caused by high temperatures, heavy rainfall, and drought. This can lead to neglect in farm management, ultimately resulting in plant death. Local farmers should first identify the cause of the problem before taking targeted measures.
Fusarium wilt in peppers typically starts with slow growth during flowering, followed by yellowing of lower leaves that gradually moves upward. At midday, the leaves may wilt but recover at night. After several days, the entire plant wilts and dies. In some cases, only half the plant is affected while the other half remains healthy. When the disease progresses rapidly, the whole plant becomes severely wilted. The stems show multiple longitudinal cracks, with yellow-brown streaks between the nodes. A sticky, resin-like substance may ooze from the lesions. In wet conditions, a white or pink mold layer may develop. The vascular bundles and roots turn yellow-brown and rot, making them easy to pull out of the soil. Cutting through the stem reveals brown vascular tissue.
Root rot in pepper plants begins with water-soaked lesions near the base of the stem, which become sunken and eventually rot. All main and lateral roots are affected, leading to root decay. The disease primarily affects the roots and rarely spreads upward.
Stem rot usually appears in large seedlings and becomes severe after transplanting. Lesions form at the base of the stem, starting as dark brown spots that spread around the stem, causing the cortex to rot. Above-ground leaves turn yellow, and during fruit development, plants may wilt due to poor water and nutrient uptake. External factors include excessive moisture, high planting density, and poor air circulation. Soil issues such as continuous cropping, accumulation of pathogens, and high ground temperatures also contribute. Recently, human factors like overly mature seedlings at transplanting time, careless planting, and excessive movement of plants have caused stem wounds. Additionally, improper handling of plastic mulch, trellises, and vine training can increase the risk of infection.
These three diseases are all fungal in origin. Bacteria can survive for years in the soil and worsen in areas with continuous cropping.
To manage these issues:
1. Practice crop rotation for 3–5 years, avoiding legumes. Replace seedlings every 2–3 years or use new soil to reduce disease pressure.
2. Improve soil health by deeply tilling and applying soil conditioners, especially in heavily infested areas. Mix in 1200–1500 kg of slaked lime per hectare to suppress pathogen growth. Use no-till soil conditioners to loosen the soil, allowing rain or irrigation to flush out pathogens from the topsoil and reduce disease incidence.
3. Disinfect seeds before sowing using methods like warm water soaking, dry heat treatment, or drying seeds at 70°C–75°C for 5–7 days.
4. Implement proper cultivation practices: choose well-drained fields, use raised beds, and avoid dense planting. Control watering and ensure timely drainage during rainy seasons to prevent waterlogging. Apply balanced nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizers. Remove diseased seedlings during planting and use smaller seedlings to minimize mechanical damage. Handle plastic mulch, trellises, and vines gently to avoid stem injuries. Apply a double-drug soil mix at the base of the stem early in the season to protect against infection. Avoid working in the field when it's wet to reduce wound entry points.
5. Apply chemical treatments early, such as 50% carbendazim WP diluted 500 times, 50% thiophanate-methyl at 400 times, 10% douzhiling II at 200–300 times, agricultural resistance 120 at 100 times, or 48% rebaudiometer aqueous solution at 800 times. Apply 0.25 kg of solution per plant, once every 10 days for 2–3 applications.
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