Symptoms and Infection Cycles
Maize leaf spot disease has been reported in various corn-growing regions across China, with higher incidence rates observed in the northeast, northern North China, and southern mountainous areas. During major outbreak years, yield losses typically range from 15% to 20%, and in severe cases, up to 50% reduction can occur. Large leaf spot can develop throughout the entire growth period of the plant, though it is rare during the seedling stage and becomes more prevalent later. The lesions appear as large, fusiform spots on the leaves, with a yellow-brown or grayish color, featuring a lighter center and darker edges. These spots can measure between 5 to 10 cm in length and 1.2 to 1.5 cm in width. When the infection is severe, multiple lesions merge together, leading to early leaf death.
Corn leaf spot disease is particularly severe in the Yellow River and Yangtze River basins of China. On average, it reduces yields by about 20%, and in extreme cases, up to 70%. Small leaf spot occurs mainly during the reproductive phase and appears later in the season. The disease primarily affects the leaves but may also damage the leaf sheaths, husks, and ears. There are three main types of lesions:
The first type features oval-shaped lesions with a tan, purple, or dark brown border. Under high humidity conditions, a sparse ash-brown mold layer may form on the surface of the lesions, causing the affected leaves to turn yellow and eventually die.
The second type consists of oval or spindle-shaped lesions that are relatively larger. The central area is grayish-brown or pale yellow, with less defined borders. As the disease progresses, the lesions may become slightly indistinct. Under high temperature and humidity, the surface of these lesions turns brownish. When many lesions appear, the leaves quickly wilt and die.
The third type involves small, yellow-brown necrotic spots on the leaves, often surrounded by a yellow halo. These lesions have minimal mold coverage, while those on the leaf sheaths and ears tend to be larger, with a dense gray mold layer. Severe infections can lead to ear rot.
The occurrence and spread of maize leaf spot disease are influenced by several factors, including climate, variety resistance, farming practices, and field conditions. High humidity combined with moderate temperatures favors disease development. Varieties with poor resistance are more prone to infection. Continuous cropping, low-lying fields with poor drainage, heavy clay soils, and insufficient fertilization all contribute to increased disease incidence.
Control Methods:
A. Select resistant varieties and implement crop rotation. The larger the rotation area, the better for reducing disease pressure.
B. When sowing seeds, mix 25 g of "Tianda Kind Po" with 2.5% Colophony (100 ml) and dilute with 375 g of water. After drying, the seeds can be sown without suffocation.
C. Apply organic fertilizers and increase the use of phosphorus, potassium, zinc, and bio-fertilizers. Ensure adequate nitrogen supply to promote strong plant growth and enhance disease resistance.
D. Begin spraying when the corn has 3 to 4 leaves, using a 600-fold dilution of Tianda Zhuang Miaoling combined with a 6000-fold dilution of 96% Tianda Hymexazol liquid. At the 7 to 10-leaf stage, apply a 600-fold dilution of Tianda Liangbao with a 600-fold dilution of 70% Manganese Zinc, or a 600-fold dilution of "Days of Food Treasure" mixed with an 800-fold dilution of 72% DuPont Kelu. Repeat the spray every 7 days for 2 to 3 times to effectively control both large and small leaf spot diseases. Adding 1000-fold diluted 3% saccharose or 1500-fold diluted acetamiprid during spraying can also help prevent pests like aphids, thrips, and flies, while managing diseases such as corn sheath blight and leaf blight, ultimately increasing yield by approximately 15%.
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