Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region is China's dominant maize production area and is also one of the major production areas of hybrid maize seeds in China. It has good natural environment conditions and geographical advantages for corn production and hybrid corn seed production. In recent years, the maize seed production industry in our region has made great progress. In 2004, the area of ​​corn seed production in our district reached 500,000 mu. In 2005, it exceeded 600,000 mu. The hybrid corn seed produced in our district was divided by In addition to satisfying the production use in the region, a large part of the seeds are also sold to other provinces, cities, and districts, and there are also seed companies outside the region who directly make reservations and breeds in our area. The corn seed production industry has become an advantageous industry for farmers to increase production and income in some areas.
At this stage, for seed production is the implementation of the organization, the special nature of the production of a family of farmers, how to control the various aspects of hybrid corn seed production, improve the quality of seeds, and promote the healthy development of corn seed production industry in our region, as "three The "agricultural" service is a problem that needs continuous exploration.
With the continuous development of production, the use of new agricultural technologies in production is particularly important. It is playing an increasingly important role in increasing agricultural output and increasing farmers' income. From 2000 to 2004, after many years of practice, the leaders of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Seed Management Station took the lead, Tongliao City and Chifeng City and related banner and county seed management stations took charge of the implementation of the "seedling quality control technology and promotion of hybrid corn seed". The work not only increases the economic income for seed production for farmers, but also improves the quality of seeds, and also creates economic benefits and good social benefits for seed companies. The following are the major technical points of the "Hybrid Maize Seed Quality Control Technology":
I. Grasping seed source construction and improving the quality of the original seed and the parent seed The purity of the parent seed directly affects the quality of the seed produced. Therefore, the quality of good parent seeds is one of the key links to improve the quality of hybrid corn seed production.
Various sub-production and operation units should arrange professional and technical personnel with strong sense of responsibility and many years of experience in seed breeding, and be responsible for breeding and purification of parental seeds. In particular, for the parent seeds that have not been stabilized for a long period of time or with newly introduced traits, they must first be purified through ear measurement and cross-fertility identification; secondly, the selection of parent seed quality for seed production should be strict. The control measures the purity and germination rate of the parent seed before sowing, and eliminates the parent seeds whose purity and germination rate are unqualified. All of them guarantee the quality of the parent seed used for hybrid production from the source.
2. Strictly controlling the isolation zone of the farming system Strictly controlling the isolation zone is an important guarantee measure to improve the purity of hybrid seeds. The isolation zone shall be set up in strict accordance with the requirements of the "Maize Seed Production Technical Operating Procedures." In other words, the isolation zone for hybrid corn production is set at 300 meters or more, and the spatial separation of pro-Honda and white waxy corn, sweet corn, etc. is more than 500 meters, thus controlling the spread of pollination by different varieties.
Third, to improve the quality of sowing to improve sowing quality is to do a good job in the field to remove impurities and detoxification, the seed quality of the parent seed is often overlooked. In fact, the quality of sowing is good, and the seedlings grow in a uniform manner, which facilitates the development of detritus, debasing, and emasculation work, and reduces the difficulty and workload of getting rid of miscellaneous, detrimental, and emasculation work and is conducive to the control of the quality of hybrid seeds.
The key to improving the quality of sowing is: First, the seeds of the parent seeds must be neat and consistent, full and strong. Second, Putian should standardize and achieve a good level of earthiness, loose soil, and good lyricism. Third, uniform sowing, consistent shades, and high quality sowing. Three effective technical measures can be promoted, namely: promoting mechanical soil preparation, doing a good job in the construction of the farming field, and making the land power uniform; popularizing mechanized precision seeding, reducing the amount of parental seeds, and reducing the production cost; at the same time, the workload of the seedlings can be reduced; Before the uniform seed coating, to ensure that the parent seed seeds consistent and improve the quality of sowing, at the same time, reduce the harm of pests and diseases, and promote seedlings, seedlings, seedlings uniform.
IV. Timely progress in removing impurities and eliminating impurities in a timely manner is an important technical link for improving the purity and yield of hybrid maize seeds. The hybrid strains of maize parental seeds showed different morphological characteristics at different stages of their development, and they must be staged to eliminate miscellaneous strains. The following describes the “three-phase removal methodâ€. The specific approach is as follows: First, during the period of constant seedlings, the technical personnel will guide and organize the seed production households to carry out the preliminary disinfestation according to the seedling growth and morphological characteristics, so that the miscellaneous strains and the inferior strains will be removed during this period. More than %; Second, during the jointing period, combined with topdressing, directing and organizing the planting households to remove the strong strains with different morphological characteristics and inferior strains, during this period, remove about 90% of the remaining miscellaneous strains; and thirdly, before picking. 2 to 5 days by the technical staff to go to the miscellaneous group to conduct unified inspections, completely remove the remaining miscellaneous plants, bad plants, so that the field miscellaneous plant rate does not exceed 0.1%, to ensure the purity of the parents of the field reached 99.9%. Through the "three phases" of decontamination, it not only increased the purity of the parents' field, but also laid a foundation for raising the purity of seed production, and thus effectively increased the yield of the system of farming.
Fifth, the overall promotion of the advanced touch with the emasculation of leaves with new technology is to ensure the purity of corn seed hybrid seed production key. The advance tactics with leaf emaphoresis technology is a new technology that has been popularized in recent years and is an advanced technological measure that is effective in improving the purity and yield of seeds. The theoretical basis of the technique of emasculation with leaves is to reduce the consumption of nutrients and water by the tassels and concentrate them on the growth and development of the female ears. Touching the leaves and leading emasculation can effectively prevent self-interesting of loose powder caused by tasselling. According to the relevant experiments, the comparative advantages of emasculation with leaves and conventional emasculation are:
(1) spit early, mature 3 to 5 days;
(2) Increased grain plumpness and luster, increasing the commercial quality of seeds;
(3) Improve seed purity and better guarantee seed quality;
(4) Can increase production;
(5) The flowering period can be supplemented to adjust the flowering period. According to the forecast of field growth and flowering period, when the special weather conditions may cause a possible flowering period, the number of leaves drawn by the tassels is determined according to the specific circumstances, generally 1-3 Tablets can regulate the growth of the female parent and supplement the flowering period. While taking the technique of emasculating with leaves, it is necessary to pay attention to the effect of emasculation. In the field management, traditional operation methods such as “signing, digging, and back pocketing†are still adopted, and tassels are buried in time to prevent secondary loosening. Occurs thus affecting purity.
VI. Vigorously promote artificially-assisted pollination Artificially-assisted pollination technology is an important part of further improving the quality of seed production and production. At the end of emasculation, most of the mothers had already spit silk. Due to the increase in the number of mother rows, the combination of individual varieties of pollen was insufficient or the flowering period met poorly. The pollination was equally weakened. In order to reduce the spikes and spikes due to poor pollination, the seed setting rate was low. Problems can be promoted in the farming system to artificially assist pollination. This technology has obvious effects on increasing production and improving purity for varieties with insufficient pollen amount and difficulty in adjusting flowering time. This technology is used as an auxiliary measure and is used in individual varieties or special cases.
Seventh, the full implementation of the removal of the father's technology After the pollination is completed, timely removal of the male and female seedlings, weak seedlings in the parent line, is to ensure the purity of corn hybrid seeds and increase production, increase seed commerciality an effective measure. The removal of the father’s line, first, is conducive to ventilation and light in the field, avoiding competition between the male parent and the female parent in the later period, competing for fertilizer, and contending for light, giving full play to the marginal effect, which will help increase the grain weight and increase the yield; the second is to effectively prevent the father from harvesting. The mechanical miscellaneous or maternally intentional doping of the mother-child makes falsehood; the third is to effectively prevent the re-use of the paternity; the fourth is to remove the father's line and remove the weak seedlings and seedlings in the mother row in time to prevent the inferiority. The seed produced from seedlings and self-seeded seedlings affects the overall purity of the seed production, thereby further ensuring the purity of the seed.
Eighth, implementation of standing stalk moulting drying technology to solve the individual large date combinations due to long growth period, high seed moisture content, due to high moisture content after harvest is vulnerable to frost damage and heat and affect seed germination, and even lost the key to species value Sexual problems can be promoted by standing stalks. Namely: When entering the waxing stage, the grain is ventilated by opening the loquat leaves, which promotes grain maturation and moisture reduction, guarantees the seed germination rate, and improves commodity quality. The implementation of standing stalk tanned skin drying technology has promoted the maturity of seeds, the color of seeds is good, the dehydration is quick, and the maturity is obviously improved. This ensures that seeds can maintain a higher germination rate, and thus improve the quality and yield of seeds.
The technology can solve the problem that the seeds contain high moisture and affect the seed quality at the time of harvesting. At the same time, it can effectively reduce the drying and drying costs of seed production and operation enterprises, and reduce business risks. In particular, after a large number of seeds have been harvested, due to the lack of adequate drying and drying in the seed production base, it is not timely to reduce the seed moisture, which often results in a decline in the seed quality, even loss of germination rate, seed scrapping, and even poor quality seeds flowing into the market for agriculture. Loss of production.
Nine, promote seed quality control technology, strict harvest, acquisition, storage off to ensure the purity of seeds, after the seed harvest by the inspection personnel organized by the masses in time for panicle selection, remove the ear, ear and shaped spike, prevent mutation ear And sick ears mixed into the seed heap, affecting the quality of seeds and commodity type.
When the corn matures, the seeds are harvested just before the frost. According to the user's selection of panicles on the shelf, the panicles, mutant panicles and disease panicles were removed and the drying work was performed. In order to prevent mechanical or artificial mixture before the acquisition, technical personnel of the production unit are required to conduct another one-time inspection of the seeds. Then, the threshing was carried out according to the household's requirements, and samples were taken to determine the quality indicators such as seed purity, germination rate, and moisture content. After the test was passed, the acquisition was made in a unified manner and the good seeds were purchased and stored.
X. After seeds of good selection of processing and quality inspections are put into storage, according to the requirements of the "Seed Law of the People's Republic of China," all seeds shall be fully mixed, carefully selected, and the mass distribution shall be uniform, and the seeds shall be mixed. Samples shall be tested for quality indicators such as clarity, germination rate, purity, and moisture, and processed and packaged after inspection.
By strictly controlling the “Four Passes†such as parental clearance, miscellaneous clearance, pumping off, precipitation off, storage off, and selective processing, etc., the occurrence of outbreds, mutants, and self-crossings is effectively prevented, and seeds are ensured. The foundation for the improvement of purity has been laid. Implementing the "three-stage removal method" and "touching the detasseling technique with leaves" to completely eliminate and effectively prevent the occurrence of self-interaction are the key technical measures to increase the purity of seed production; timely removal of the father and harvest, pre-acquisition spike The inspection can not only improve the quality of air and light, but also effectively control the occurrence of the phenomenon of doping and falsehood. It ensures the purity of the seed and provides a reliable technical guarantee. By promoting the "Straw stalk drying technology," it not only reduces the Seed moisture ensures timely harvesting, and further enhances the commercial quality and safety of seeds; Through quality control techniques, especially for each batch of seeds that have been carefully selected, processed, inspected, and repacked, improved for the production of high-quality seeds. Strong guarantees provide guarantees for increasing agricultural production and income. (Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Seed Management Station)
At this stage, for seed production is the implementation of the organization, the special nature of the production of a family of farmers, how to control the various aspects of hybrid corn seed production, improve the quality of seeds, and promote the healthy development of corn seed production industry in our region, as "three The "agricultural" service is a problem that needs continuous exploration.
With the continuous development of production, the use of new agricultural technologies in production is particularly important. It is playing an increasingly important role in increasing agricultural output and increasing farmers' income. From 2000 to 2004, after many years of practice, the leaders of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Seed Management Station took the lead, Tongliao City and Chifeng City and related banner and county seed management stations took charge of the implementation of the "seedling quality control technology and promotion of hybrid corn seed". The work not only increases the economic income for seed production for farmers, but also improves the quality of seeds, and also creates economic benefits and good social benefits for seed companies. The following are the major technical points of the "Hybrid Maize Seed Quality Control Technology":
I. Grasping seed source construction and improving the quality of the original seed and the parent seed The purity of the parent seed directly affects the quality of the seed produced. Therefore, the quality of good parent seeds is one of the key links to improve the quality of hybrid corn seed production.
Various sub-production and operation units should arrange professional and technical personnel with strong sense of responsibility and many years of experience in seed breeding, and be responsible for breeding and purification of parental seeds. In particular, for the parent seeds that have not been stabilized for a long period of time or with newly introduced traits, they must first be purified through ear measurement and cross-fertility identification; secondly, the selection of parent seed quality for seed production should be strict. The control measures the purity and germination rate of the parent seed before sowing, and eliminates the parent seeds whose purity and germination rate are unqualified. All of them guarantee the quality of the parent seed used for hybrid production from the source.
2. Strictly controlling the isolation zone of the farming system Strictly controlling the isolation zone is an important guarantee measure to improve the purity of hybrid seeds. The isolation zone shall be set up in strict accordance with the requirements of the "Maize Seed Production Technical Operating Procedures." In other words, the isolation zone for hybrid corn production is set at 300 meters or more, and the spatial separation of pro-Honda and white waxy corn, sweet corn, etc. is more than 500 meters, thus controlling the spread of pollination by different varieties.
Third, to improve the quality of sowing to improve sowing quality is to do a good job in the field to remove impurities and detoxification, the seed quality of the parent seed is often overlooked. In fact, the quality of sowing is good, and the seedlings grow in a uniform manner, which facilitates the development of detritus, debasing, and emasculation work, and reduces the difficulty and workload of getting rid of miscellaneous, detrimental, and emasculation work and is conducive to the control of the quality of hybrid seeds.
The key to improving the quality of sowing is: First, the seeds of the parent seeds must be neat and consistent, full and strong. Second, Putian should standardize and achieve a good level of earthiness, loose soil, and good lyricism. Third, uniform sowing, consistent shades, and high quality sowing. Three effective technical measures can be promoted, namely: promoting mechanical soil preparation, doing a good job in the construction of the farming field, and making the land power uniform; popularizing mechanized precision seeding, reducing the amount of parental seeds, and reducing the production cost; at the same time, the workload of the seedlings can be reduced; Before the uniform seed coating, to ensure that the parent seed seeds consistent and improve the quality of sowing, at the same time, reduce the harm of pests and diseases, and promote seedlings, seedlings, seedlings uniform.
IV. Timely progress in removing impurities and eliminating impurities in a timely manner is an important technical link for improving the purity and yield of hybrid maize seeds. The hybrid strains of maize parental seeds showed different morphological characteristics at different stages of their development, and they must be staged to eliminate miscellaneous strains. The following describes the “three-phase removal methodâ€. The specific approach is as follows: First, during the period of constant seedlings, the technical personnel will guide and organize the seed production households to carry out the preliminary disinfestation according to the seedling growth and morphological characteristics, so that the miscellaneous strains and the inferior strains will be removed during this period. More than %; Second, during the jointing period, combined with topdressing, directing and organizing the planting households to remove the strong strains with different morphological characteristics and inferior strains, during this period, remove about 90% of the remaining miscellaneous strains; and thirdly, before picking. 2 to 5 days by the technical staff to go to the miscellaneous group to conduct unified inspections, completely remove the remaining miscellaneous plants, bad plants, so that the field miscellaneous plant rate does not exceed 0.1%, to ensure the purity of the parents of the field reached 99.9%. Through the "three phases" of decontamination, it not only increased the purity of the parents' field, but also laid a foundation for raising the purity of seed production, and thus effectively increased the yield of the system of farming.
Fifth, the overall promotion of the advanced touch with the emasculation of leaves with new technology is to ensure the purity of corn seed hybrid seed production key. The advance tactics with leaf emaphoresis technology is a new technology that has been popularized in recent years and is an advanced technological measure that is effective in improving the purity and yield of seeds. The theoretical basis of the technique of emasculation with leaves is to reduce the consumption of nutrients and water by the tassels and concentrate them on the growth and development of the female ears. Touching the leaves and leading emasculation can effectively prevent self-interesting of loose powder caused by tasselling. According to the relevant experiments, the comparative advantages of emasculation with leaves and conventional emasculation are:
(1) spit early, mature 3 to 5 days;
(2) Increased grain plumpness and luster, increasing the commercial quality of seeds;
(3) Improve seed purity and better guarantee seed quality;
(4) Can increase production;
(5) The flowering period can be supplemented to adjust the flowering period. According to the forecast of field growth and flowering period, when the special weather conditions may cause a possible flowering period, the number of leaves drawn by the tassels is determined according to the specific circumstances, generally 1-3 Tablets can regulate the growth of the female parent and supplement the flowering period. While taking the technique of emasculating with leaves, it is necessary to pay attention to the effect of emasculation. In the field management, traditional operation methods such as “signing, digging, and back pocketing†are still adopted, and tassels are buried in time to prevent secondary loosening. Occurs thus affecting purity.
VI. Vigorously promote artificially-assisted pollination Artificially-assisted pollination technology is an important part of further improving the quality of seed production and production. At the end of emasculation, most of the mothers had already spit silk. Due to the increase in the number of mother rows, the combination of individual varieties of pollen was insufficient or the flowering period met poorly. The pollination was equally weakened. In order to reduce the spikes and spikes due to poor pollination, the seed setting rate was low. Problems can be promoted in the farming system to artificially assist pollination. This technology has obvious effects on increasing production and improving purity for varieties with insufficient pollen amount and difficulty in adjusting flowering time. This technology is used as an auxiliary measure and is used in individual varieties or special cases.
Seventh, the full implementation of the removal of the father's technology After the pollination is completed, timely removal of the male and female seedlings, weak seedlings in the parent line, is to ensure the purity of corn hybrid seeds and increase production, increase seed commerciality an effective measure. The removal of the father’s line, first, is conducive to ventilation and light in the field, avoiding competition between the male parent and the female parent in the later period, competing for fertilizer, and contending for light, giving full play to the marginal effect, which will help increase the grain weight and increase the yield; the second is to effectively prevent the father from harvesting. The mechanical miscellaneous or maternally intentional doping of the mother-child makes falsehood; the third is to effectively prevent the re-use of the paternity; the fourth is to remove the father's line and remove the weak seedlings and seedlings in the mother row in time to prevent the inferiority. The seed produced from seedlings and self-seeded seedlings affects the overall purity of the seed production, thereby further ensuring the purity of the seed.
Eighth, implementation of standing stalk moulting drying technology to solve the individual large date combinations due to long growth period, high seed moisture content, due to high moisture content after harvest is vulnerable to frost damage and heat and affect seed germination, and even lost the key to species value Sexual problems can be promoted by standing stalks. Namely: When entering the waxing stage, the grain is ventilated by opening the loquat leaves, which promotes grain maturation and moisture reduction, guarantees the seed germination rate, and improves commodity quality. The implementation of standing stalk tanned skin drying technology has promoted the maturity of seeds, the color of seeds is good, the dehydration is quick, and the maturity is obviously improved. This ensures that seeds can maintain a higher germination rate, and thus improve the quality and yield of seeds.
The technology can solve the problem that the seeds contain high moisture and affect the seed quality at the time of harvesting. At the same time, it can effectively reduce the drying and drying costs of seed production and operation enterprises, and reduce business risks. In particular, after a large number of seeds have been harvested, due to the lack of adequate drying and drying in the seed production base, it is not timely to reduce the seed moisture, which often results in a decline in the seed quality, even loss of germination rate, seed scrapping, and even poor quality seeds flowing into the market for agriculture. Loss of production.
Nine, promote seed quality control technology, strict harvest, acquisition, storage off to ensure the purity of seeds, after the seed harvest by the inspection personnel organized by the masses in time for panicle selection, remove the ear, ear and shaped spike, prevent mutation ear And sick ears mixed into the seed heap, affecting the quality of seeds and commodity type.
When the corn matures, the seeds are harvested just before the frost. According to the user's selection of panicles on the shelf, the panicles, mutant panicles and disease panicles were removed and the drying work was performed. In order to prevent mechanical or artificial mixture before the acquisition, technical personnel of the production unit are required to conduct another one-time inspection of the seeds. Then, the threshing was carried out according to the household's requirements, and samples were taken to determine the quality indicators such as seed purity, germination rate, and moisture content. After the test was passed, the acquisition was made in a unified manner and the good seeds were purchased and stored.
X. After seeds of good selection of processing and quality inspections are put into storage, according to the requirements of the "Seed Law of the People's Republic of China," all seeds shall be fully mixed, carefully selected, and the mass distribution shall be uniform, and the seeds shall be mixed. Samples shall be tested for quality indicators such as clarity, germination rate, purity, and moisture, and processed and packaged after inspection.
By strictly controlling the “Four Passes†such as parental clearance, miscellaneous clearance, pumping off, precipitation off, storage off, and selective processing, etc., the occurrence of outbreds, mutants, and self-crossings is effectively prevented, and seeds are ensured. The foundation for the improvement of purity has been laid. Implementing the "three-stage removal method" and "touching the detasseling technique with leaves" to completely eliminate and effectively prevent the occurrence of self-interaction are the key technical measures to increase the purity of seed production; timely removal of the father and harvest, pre-acquisition spike The inspection can not only improve the quality of air and light, but also effectively control the occurrence of the phenomenon of doping and falsehood. It ensures the purity of the seed and provides a reliable technical guarantee. By promoting the "Straw stalk drying technology," it not only reduces the Seed moisture ensures timely harvesting, and further enhances the commercial quality and safety of seeds; Through quality control techniques, especially for each batch of seeds that have been carefully selected, processed, inspected, and repacked, improved for the production of high-quality seeds. Strong guarantees provide guarantees for increasing agricultural production and income. (Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Seed Management Station)
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