Maize bacterial stalk rot is one of the most significant challenges in sweet corn cultivation, as it severely affects yield and plant health. This disease typically occurs during the small trumpet stage, the big bell stage, and 1 to 2 weeks after pollination. Symptoms begin with the wilting of middle and upper leaves, followed by the formation of pus inside the stem and a foul odor. Eventually, the entire plant dies. If not managed properly, up to 80% of the plants in the field can be lost, causing serious economic damage. The following strategies are recommended for the prevention and control of bacterial stalk rot in maize:
1. **Seed Disinfection**
Before sowing, seeds should be treated to prevent infection. One effective method is soaking them in a 600-times diluted chlorine solution for 15 minutes, or in a 500-times diluted solution of agricultural streptomycin (1 million units) for 20 minutes.
2. **Soil Disinfection**
To reduce the presence of pathogenic bacteria in the soil, 100 kg of lime per acre can be applied before planting. This helps create an unfavorable environment for bacterial growth.
3. **Fertilization Management**
Excessive nitrogen application is known to increase the susceptibility of maize to bacterial stalk rot. Therefore, it's important to use balanced fertilization. Incorporating organic manure, along with proper amounts of phosphorus and potassium, can enhance plant resistance. In the later stages of growth, reducing nitrogen fertilizer application is particularly effective in preventing the disease. Additionally, foliar sprays of 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate can improve plant immunity and reduce disease incidence.
4. **Water Management**
Once the disease appears, it becomes difficult for pesticides to reach the affected areas within the stem, making treatment less effective. Hence, prevention is key. Early intervention and consistent monitoring are essential to control the spread of the disease.
5. **Cultural Control**
As soon as symptoms appear, infected plants should be removed from the field and destroyed to prevent the spread of pathogens to healthy plants.
6. **Foliar Spraying for Prevention**
To prevent the occurrence of bacterial stalk rot, several effective fungicides and bactericides can be used. For example, a 30% bactericidal special solution diluted to 400 times (3–10%) can be applied 3–8 days after planting, 5 days before the big bell stage, and 1 week after pollination. Other options include 23% rice harvest at 600 times or 60% chlorothalonil at 500 times, all sprayed on the field to reduce the risk of infection.
7. **Foliar Spraying for Treatment**
In the early stages of the disease, several effective sprays can be used, such as 53% Ronacole at 800 times, 25% copper oxychloride at 500 times, 77% Kocide at 600 times, 30% bactericidal at 400 times, 72% agricultural streptomycin at 4,000 times, or a 1% neomycin-containing solution at 3,000 times. These sprays help control the spread of the disease.
8. **Soil Drenching**
During the early stages of infection, irrigation with solutions like 600 times diluted strong chlorine extract, 53% Longke at 800 times, or 72% agricultural streptomycin at 4,000 times can be effective in controlling the disease.
9. **Stem Coating**
To prevent further infection, applying a 1% lime milk solution to the stems of healthy plants near the infected area can act as a barrier against the pathogen.
By implementing these integrated management practices, farmers can significantly reduce the impact of bacterial stalk rot on their sweet corn crops, ensuring better yields and healthier plants.
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