Straw is used as the main raw material for roughage, and chemical treatment (ammonization), biological treatment (microbial fermentation), and physical processing (excluding silage processing) are used before feeding. Physical processing is not only the necessary pre-processing of biological and chemical processing, but also can be used as a single treatment method, thus becoming the most basic processing method of straw roughage. In this paper, we will communicate with farmers' friends about the technical problems in the physical processing of straw forage.
1. The meaning, function and mechanism of physical processing The so-called physical processing refers to the use of mechanical processing and other means to change the physical properties of straw such as density, humidity, length, thickness and hardness. The change of humidity and density is convenient for transportation and storage. Because the application is not large, this article does not discuss it. The latter three physical properties were changed to achieve the purpose of improving the biological and chemical treatment effect and improving the utilization rate, feed intake, and digestibility of direct feeding, and were more commonly used in production.
Ruminant animals have no teeth, and the main organs for feeding are tongues. After straws are fed, they are shortened, hardened, and crushed, and then processed to facilitate animal feeding, chewing, and mixing with other feeds. It is not difficult to understand that waste can be reduced and feed intake can be increased.
As for how to understand physical processing can improve digestibility, it involves a lot of knowledge. First of all, it should be understood that the main components of straw are fibrous substances (cellulose and hemicellulose, 70% to 80%). Cellulose and hemicellulose are broken down in the rumen of ruminants through cellulase and microbial fermentation. Transformed. However, cellulose combines with other components in cells to form indigestible solid structures (associated with lignin and silicon) and digestible structural carbohydrates. Due to the small gap between cells and cellulose, it is difficult or impossible for microorganisms and cellulase to immediately contact cellulose, resulting in organic matter in straw forage that can only be digested by about 40% in the rumen. Physically processed straw forages can destroy fiber structure, separating or exposing cellulose and hemicellulose more than non-processed straws, increasing the contact area and opportunities with cellulase and microorganisms, which can be improved to some extent. Digestibility. In chemical and biological treatments, physical processing increases the contact area and opportunity of chemical fertilizers, microbes and cellulose in the straw to enhance the treatment effect and the physical processing can improve rumen digestibility is the same mechanism.
2. Requests for physical processing of straw forage by ruminants Since the components of the straw also include crude fat, crude protein and other organic substances, coupled with the special requirements of the ruminant digestion function on the physical form of the forage, the physical processing of straw is not completely Short, broken, soft is better, but also say "moderate." The over-fine processing of forage will not only increase the production cost, but also adversely affect the ruminating and chewing of animals, and the feeding effect is not good. Some people in China have experimented with goats of different lengths and degrees of grazing. The conclusion is:
2.1 The length of straw shredding is between 3 and 7 cm. Feed intake and daily gain, milk yield, and milk quality are all at relatively good values ​​due to the requirement to meet both rumination and improved digestibility.
2.2 The same length of straw forage is axially broken and not broken, and the feed intake is equivalent. The former is better than the latter in daily gain. The reason is that the indigestible solids (cellulose and lignin and silicon combined) in the straw are arranged axially in the epidermis, with low crushing and low digestibility, broken and broken into multiple breakable fiber structures, which is beneficial to increase Digestibility.
2.3 The straw was processed into powder and the feed intake increased, but the rumination time was shortened. The contact time of cellulase and microorganisms with the raw materials became shorter and the digestibility decreased.
Although the above tests did not include different ruminants and different age groups, it can be concluded that the physical processing trend of straw processing that is conducive to improving the digestibility of ruminants is: length of 3 to 7 centimeters, and it is broken into multiple axial or axial filaments. .
3 The progress of straw physical processing machinery and typical models China began production of special roughage processing machinery in the mid-1980s. To date, there are three types of mechanical products: grass powder, kneading, and chopping. After many years of development of roughage processing machinery, the machinery that can be used for physical processing of straw has made the following progress.
3.1 The processing quality is greatly improved: the straw is cut smoothly from the cross section, and the single chopped is cut, kneaded, and twisted. The processed straw has a high breaking rate and can be processed into a filamentous shape.
3.2 The choice of power is broader: Many devices can be powered by any motor, diesel engine, or tractor; the power of the supporting power is from 1 to 20 kilowatts; the power is provided by a 380-volt or 220-volt alternating-current power motor. .
3.3 Combination of multiple function functions and low power consumption: Machines that can process a variety of raw materials from the same machine, or that can perform different types of processing on the same raw material, have already been used in production. For example, the 9JF grass machine produced by Shijiazhuang Agricultural Machinery Research Institute can crush grain materials and forage, and can also cut and crush dry-dried stalks. The unit's power efficiency for processing grass powder is twice as high as that of old crushers, and it is suitable for Farmers and small farms choose. The vertical 9LRZ type straw rubbing and cutting machine developed by China National Agriculture University combines cutting and rubbing functions. It has a higher breaking rate than any single broken machine, and is more efficient and energy-efficient than a single rubbing machine. Due to the high operating efficiency of this machine, it is suitable for large-scale farms and straw feed specialization.
3.4 More pursuing ease of use: Insufficient convenience of domestic machines compared to imported machines is underestimated. 9ZPR series disc type kneading and choppers produced by Shandong Rongcheng Huaxing Machinery Co., Ltd. not only have high production efficiency, but also have a high rate of straw processing and standards. The grass has a high growth rate, and it has an organic grinding knife and a movable knife clearance adjusting mechanism, which effectively improves the convenience and safety of use. The model series of products can be used by users with different production efficiency requirements.
4. Principles and considerations for the selection of straw physical processing machinery Variety of types and models of straw processing machinery provides a wide range of choices while also increasing the difficulty of selection. When matching, it must be based on "advanced, applicable, and economical." The principle of multi-angle inflection considers the following technical and economic factors.
4.1 Operational objectives: Equipment purchasers must determine their own annual processing operations based on their economic strength, type of forage, and number of cattle and sheep breeding. The basic basis.
4.2 Adaptability of production: The selected equipment must meet the quality requirements for processing of livestock species and scale, daily production efficiency requirements, and operating conditions.
4.3 Economical production: It is necessary to select equipment with high reliability, long service life, and easy maintenance to reduce maintenance costs; to select equipment that can be matched with the operator's existing power heads to reduce the purchase cost; As far as possible, select equipment with high annual utilization rate and high electricity output to reduce production costs. In short, we must choose from a comprehensive analysis of purchase costs and usage costs.
4.4 to pay attention to ease of use: to try to choose with a knife and dynamic, fixed knife gap adjustment device.
Mechanical selection is best determined under the guidance of professionals and after comparison of multiple options.
Author: Beijing Agricultural Machinery Testing and Appraisal Promotion Station
1. The meaning, function and mechanism of physical processing The so-called physical processing refers to the use of mechanical processing and other means to change the physical properties of straw such as density, humidity, length, thickness and hardness. The change of humidity and density is convenient for transportation and storage. Because the application is not large, this article does not discuss it. The latter three physical properties were changed to achieve the purpose of improving the biological and chemical treatment effect and improving the utilization rate, feed intake, and digestibility of direct feeding, and were more commonly used in production.
Ruminant animals have no teeth, and the main organs for feeding are tongues. After straws are fed, they are shortened, hardened, and crushed, and then processed to facilitate animal feeding, chewing, and mixing with other feeds. It is not difficult to understand that waste can be reduced and feed intake can be increased.
As for how to understand physical processing can improve digestibility, it involves a lot of knowledge. First of all, it should be understood that the main components of straw are fibrous substances (cellulose and hemicellulose, 70% to 80%). Cellulose and hemicellulose are broken down in the rumen of ruminants through cellulase and microbial fermentation. Transformed. However, cellulose combines with other components in cells to form indigestible solid structures (associated with lignin and silicon) and digestible structural carbohydrates. Due to the small gap between cells and cellulose, it is difficult or impossible for microorganisms and cellulase to immediately contact cellulose, resulting in organic matter in straw forage that can only be digested by about 40% in the rumen. Physically processed straw forages can destroy fiber structure, separating or exposing cellulose and hemicellulose more than non-processed straws, increasing the contact area and opportunities with cellulase and microorganisms, which can be improved to some extent. Digestibility. In chemical and biological treatments, physical processing increases the contact area and opportunity of chemical fertilizers, microbes and cellulose in the straw to enhance the treatment effect and the physical processing can improve rumen digestibility is the same mechanism.
2. Requests for physical processing of straw forage by ruminants Since the components of the straw also include crude fat, crude protein and other organic substances, coupled with the special requirements of the ruminant digestion function on the physical form of the forage, the physical processing of straw is not completely Short, broken, soft is better, but also say "moderate." The over-fine processing of forage will not only increase the production cost, but also adversely affect the ruminating and chewing of animals, and the feeding effect is not good. Some people in China have experimented with goats of different lengths and degrees of grazing. The conclusion is:
2.1 The length of straw shredding is between 3 and 7 cm. Feed intake and daily gain, milk yield, and milk quality are all at relatively good values ​​due to the requirement to meet both rumination and improved digestibility.
2.2 The same length of straw forage is axially broken and not broken, and the feed intake is equivalent. The former is better than the latter in daily gain. The reason is that the indigestible solids (cellulose and lignin and silicon combined) in the straw are arranged axially in the epidermis, with low crushing and low digestibility, broken and broken into multiple breakable fiber structures, which is beneficial to increase Digestibility.
2.3 The straw was processed into powder and the feed intake increased, but the rumination time was shortened. The contact time of cellulase and microorganisms with the raw materials became shorter and the digestibility decreased.
Although the above tests did not include different ruminants and different age groups, it can be concluded that the physical processing trend of straw processing that is conducive to improving the digestibility of ruminants is: length of 3 to 7 centimeters, and it is broken into multiple axial or axial filaments. .
3 The progress of straw physical processing machinery and typical models China began production of special roughage processing machinery in the mid-1980s. To date, there are three types of mechanical products: grass powder, kneading, and chopping. After many years of development of roughage processing machinery, the machinery that can be used for physical processing of straw has made the following progress.
3.1 The processing quality is greatly improved: the straw is cut smoothly from the cross section, and the single chopped is cut, kneaded, and twisted. The processed straw has a high breaking rate and can be processed into a filamentous shape.
3.2 The choice of power is broader: Many devices can be powered by any motor, diesel engine, or tractor; the power of the supporting power is from 1 to 20 kilowatts; the power is provided by a 380-volt or 220-volt alternating-current power motor. .
3.3 Combination of multiple function functions and low power consumption: Machines that can process a variety of raw materials from the same machine, or that can perform different types of processing on the same raw material, have already been used in production. For example, the 9JF grass machine produced by Shijiazhuang Agricultural Machinery Research Institute can crush grain materials and forage, and can also cut and crush dry-dried stalks. The unit's power efficiency for processing grass powder is twice as high as that of old crushers, and it is suitable for Farmers and small farms choose. The vertical 9LRZ type straw rubbing and cutting machine developed by China National Agriculture University combines cutting and rubbing functions. It has a higher breaking rate than any single broken machine, and is more efficient and energy-efficient than a single rubbing machine. Due to the high operating efficiency of this machine, it is suitable for large-scale farms and straw feed specialization.
3.4 More pursuing ease of use: Insufficient convenience of domestic machines compared to imported machines is underestimated. 9ZPR series disc type kneading and choppers produced by Shandong Rongcheng Huaxing Machinery Co., Ltd. not only have high production efficiency, but also have a high rate of straw processing and standards. The grass has a high growth rate, and it has an organic grinding knife and a movable knife clearance adjusting mechanism, which effectively improves the convenience and safety of use. The model series of products can be used by users with different production efficiency requirements.
4. Principles and considerations for the selection of straw physical processing machinery Variety of types and models of straw processing machinery provides a wide range of choices while also increasing the difficulty of selection. When matching, it must be based on "advanced, applicable, and economical." The principle of multi-angle inflection considers the following technical and economic factors.
4.1 Operational objectives: Equipment purchasers must determine their own annual processing operations based on their economic strength, type of forage, and number of cattle and sheep breeding. The basic basis.
4.2 Adaptability of production: The selected equipment must meet the quality requirements for processing of livestock species and scale, daily production efficiency requirements, and operating conditions.
4.3 Economical production: It is necessary to select equipment with high reliability, long service life, and easy maintenance to reduce maintenance costs; to select equipment that can be matched with the operator's existing power heads to reduce the purchase cost; As far as possible, select equipment with high annual utilization rate and high electricity output to reduce production costs. In short, we must choose from a comprehensive analysis of purchase costs and usage costs.
4.4 to pay attention to ease of use: to try to choose with a knife and dynamic, fixed knife gap adjustment device.
Mechanical selection is best determined under the guidance of professionals and after comparison of multiple options.
Author: Beijing Agricultural Machinery Testing and Appraisal Promotion Station
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