First, the shrub-shaped training method: When two-year-old seedlings or rootstock seedlings reach 30-40 cm in height, during June to July, the current year's branches should be cut back, keeping the main trunk at 15-20 cm and retaining 2-3 compound leaves. After 25-30 days, secondary leaf petioles will sprout from the base, and 2-3 shoots will emerge as first-level branches. Once these first-level branches grow to over 30 cm, they are again pruned, leaving 5-10 cm of length, which encourages each first-level branch to produce 1-2 secondary branches. In the following spring, any branches that were not properly managed the previous year and grew upright and vigorously are pruned by removing the first axillary buds, then cutting back to the lower 2-3 compound leaves to encourage lateral growth. For overly vigorous branches, bending techniques can be used to stimulate new shoots. After the leaves fall, remove dense and weak branches. After two years, the tree can reach about one meter in height, with four levels of lateral branches, forming a dwarf tree with an average of 6-10 branches per plant.
Additionally, when young trees reach 30-50 cm in height, their tips can be removed to stimulate side branches, and 1-2 of them can be selected as first-level branches. By July to August, if the lateral shoots become too vigorous, semi-lignified shoots can be pinched to slow their growth. After harvesting the first crop the following year, when the second axillary bud reaches 8-10 cm, girdling is performed 5-10 cm from the base of the branch. After 20-30 days, 2-3 lateral branches will appear below the wound. When these side branches grow to around 10 cm, a dwarfing agent is applied for 10 days, with 2-4 sprays in total. The next year, a few branches are topped to refine the tree shape. After 3-4 years, the tree can reach about 1.5 meters in height, with 3-4 primary branches, 2-3 secondary branches, and 1-2 tertiary branches, resulting in a well-balanced structure.
Second, the multi-layered shape: When the seedling reaches 2 meters in height, the tip is removed to stimulate lateral branching. Three strong branches are left in different directions and at suitable positions, serving as the first-level branches, located 30 cm above the ground, with a spacing of 60 cm between the first two branches and 40 cm between the second and third. This tree shape is characterized by a tall trunk, strong lignification, stable yield, and high resistance to cold and drought.
Third, the spindle shape (sweeping broom): When the seedling is about one meter tall, the tip is removed to stimulate side branches. New branches are not topped, only the young leaves are picked, and the tip is removed once the side branches reach 20-30 cm. Later-developing side branches are allowed to grow naturally, while weak or improperly developed branches are thinned out. This shape has a relatively short trunk, more main crowns, and resembles a broom.
Fourth, the head shape: The basic method of dwarf shaping is similar to the shrub-like form. In cluster planting, after topping, especially when the vines spread flat, each group will produce many long branches and result in abundant fruit. Branches should be properly trained. If selecting branches, roots should also be lifted or raked more frequently. After defoliation, four shorter cuts are made on old branches that have been producing poorly for 2-3 years. When updating an old tree, it is cut back 15-30 cm from the ground to encourage new shoots or root suckers for renewal.
Fifth, the plexus shape: This form is suitable for plexiform planting, with a cluster of one-meter-tall bushes, three bushes per group, and a 0.25-meter bush. In the second year, the top buds are repeatedly removed 2-3 times to control height and promote more lateral branches. At the base of the branches, girdling is done 5-10 cm from the ground to stimulate lateral bud growth, encouraging the development of 2-3 lateral branches. In early spring of the following year, the soil is loosened 20-30 cm from the root, allowing 3-5 new shoots to grow in early summer. After 3-4 years of treatment, it can develop into a tufted tree with more than 15 bud clusters per plant. This type of tree is ideal for terraced fields, trenches, and areas prone to strong winds and sand.
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