When cultivating a shrub-like tree shape, start when the two-year-old seedlings or rootstock seedlings reach 30–40 cm in height, typically during June to July. At this stage, cut back the current branches, keeping the main trunk at 15–20 cm and retaining 2–3 compound leaves. After about 25–30 days, secondary leaf petioles will begin to sprout from the base, and 2–3 new shoots will emerge as the first-level branches. Once these first-level shoots grow to 30 cm or more, they should be pruned again, leaving 5–10 cm of growth to encourage the development of 1–2 secondary branches on each first-level branch.
In the following spring, focus on the branches that were not properly treated the previous year but have grown upright and vigorously. Remove the first axillary buds and then cut back the branches to leave 2–3 compound leaves at the lower part, which helps promote lateral branching. For overly vigorous branches, consider using a bending technique to stimulate new growth. After the tree has shed its leaves, remove any dense or weak branches to improve air circulation and light penetration.
After two years, the tree should reach approximately one meter in height with four levels of lateral branches, forming a compact, dwarf tree with an average of 6–10 branches per plant. Additionally, when young trees reach 30–50 cm in height, you can pinch out the growing tip to encourage side branches. Select 1–2 of these side branches as the first-level branches. By July to August, if the lateral shoots are too vigorous, you can twist the semi-woody shoots to slow down their growth.
After the first harvest, when the second axillary bud reaches 8–10 cm, girdle the base of the branch at 5–10 cm from the tip. After 20–30 days, 2–3 lateral branches will develop below the girdled area. When these lateral branches reach about 10 cm, apply a dwarfing agent by spraying it for 10 days, repeating 2–4 times. The following year, top a few branches to refine the tree shape. After 3–4 years, the tree can be cultivated to around 1.5 meters tall, with 3–4 primary branches, 2–3 secondary branches, and 1–2 tertiary branches, resulting in a well-balanced, productive structure.
For the multi-layered shape, when the seedling reaches 2 meters in height, pinch out the central shoot to encourage lateral branching. Leave 3 lateral branches in different directions and at suitable positions, placing them 30 cm above the ground with spacing between the branches of 60 cm and 40 cm. This tree shape is known for its high trunk, strong lignification, stable yield, and good resistance to cold and drought.
The spindle shape, also known as the "sweeping broom," is ideal for shorter trees. When the seedling is about one meter tall, pinch out the central shoot to trigger side branches. Allow the new branches to grow without topping, just removing the young leaves. When the side branches reach 20–30 cm, pinch out the tip again. Later-developing side branches should be left to grow naturally, while thinning out weak or improperly developed branches. This shape features a short trunk with many lateral branches, resembling a broom.
For the head shape, the method is similar to the shrub-like style. In cluster planting, after topping, especially with flat vines, each group will produce many long branches and lots of fruit. Properly manage the branches by swaying them if necessary. If you decide to keep certain branches, you may need to lift or rake the roots more frequently. After defoliation, make four short cuts on older, low-yielding branches (2–3 years old). When updating an old tree, cut it back 15–30 cm above the ground to encourage new shoots or root suckers for renewal.
For the plexus shape, this style is best suited for plexiform planting, where a cluster of one-meter-tall bushes is planted, with three bushes spaced 0.25 meters apart. In the second year, pinch the apical buds 2–3 times to control height and promote lateral branching. Girdle the base of the stems 5–10 cm from the ground to stimulate lateral bud growth, encouraging 2–3 lateral branches. In early spring, loosen the soil around the roots 20–30 cm deep, allowing 3–5 new shoots to emerge in summer. After 3–4 years of proper care, the tree can develop into a tufted form with over 15 buds per plant. This type of tree is ideal for terraced fields, ditches, and areas prone to wind and sand.
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