Variety types and cultivation techniques of pickled vegetables

The Brassica species of Brassica (Cruciferae) is a variant of Brassica juncea Coss.Var.multiceps Tsenet Lee. There are many aliases for pickled vegetables, which are called “Xueliqin”, “Jiuguimusi” and “Cai Cai” in Jiangsu and Zhejiang. They are called “dish” in Hunan and Hubei. It is an important vegetable cultivated in the Yangtze River basin in winter and spring. With petiole and leaves for food, the nutritional value is very high. According to analysis, the moisture content per 100 grams of cabbage is 91%, contains 1.9 grams of protein, 0.4 grams of fat, 2.9 grams of carbohydrates, 3.9 grams of ash, and 73-235 milligrams of calcium. Phosphorus 43-64 mg, iron 1.1-3.4 mg. The essential vitamins necessary for human normal life activities are abundant. There are 1.46-2.69 mg of carotene, 0.07 mg of thiamine (vitamin B1), 0.14 mg of riboflavin (vitamin B2), 8 mg of niacin, and ascorbic acid. (Dimension C) 83 mg. And because it is rich in mustard oil, it has a special spicy flavor, and its protein can produce a large number of amino acids after hydrolysis. After pickling, the processed pickled vegetables are bright yellow in color, rich in aroma, and crisp and delicious. Whether it is fried, steamed, boiled, or used as a condiment, or served alone, it is loved by urban and rural residents. Planting sauerkraut has obvious economic benefits. If varieties are properly selected and planted properly, the yield of spring vegetables can generally reach 4000kg-5000kg/667m2, and the per-Kg purchase price is calculated at 0.3 yuan. The mu income (deducting costs) is more than 1,000 yuan. Types of varieties of pickled vegetables There are many varieties of pickled vegetables, but they can be basically divided into three categories: (1) Slab type: The main varieties of Jiangsu, Zhejiang, and Shanghai provinces, and the common characteristics of such varieties. Yes: The leaves are slats, which have strong tillers and high yields. According to the different leaf color, it can be divided into three kinds of leaves, yellow leaves, and semi-yellow leaves. There are more than 26 plate-leaf landraces collected by the Jingcai Cabbage Development Research Center. The selection is good and representative. Several varieties are introduced in the following: 1. Qixue No. 18 (tentative name): This is a yellow-leafed species, native to northern Zhejiang and passed from the Jingcai Cabbage Development and Research Center of Yixian County. After screening, purification and bred. Morphological characteristics: plant height 44.8cm, development degree 75cm70cm, plant type upright and compact. Strong delivery, adult plants have about 28 births. Leaves green, obovate, 45cm in length, 11cm in width, large serrations embedded in small serrate leaves, nicks from the tip of the leaf to the base of the leaves gradually become darker, near the base of the whole split, there are 3-5 pairs of small lobes, along the leaf edge has a purple ring Strips, leaf surface smooth, no wax powder and bristles, petiole light green, back edge, length 7.4-15cm, width 1.3cm, thickness 0.6cm, large ribs. The cross-section is meniscus, with about 309 leaves per plant; the plant weight is 1.45kg. Characteristics: Late-maturing, spring vegetable cultivation in Luan County, from sowing to harvest 171 days, strong cold resistance, suitable for processing pickled, good quality, aroma. After the trials in the spring and autumn of 2001, the yield of autumn vegetables was about 4000Kg/667m2, and that of spring vegetables was 5000Kg/667m2. Strong disease resistance, not susceptible to viral disease. 2. Qixue No. 14 (tentative name): It is a leaf-leaf type bird species, and it is a local variety of Qiuyu in Qixian County. It is bred after screening, purification and rejuvenation by Jingxian Xuecai Development Research Center. Morphological characteristics: plant height 46cm, degree of development 68cm62cm, plant type semi-expansion. The delivery is strong, with about 31 births. Leaves dark green, obovate, 49.2cm long, 12.1cm wide, leaf margins serrate, wavy to each other, nicks from the tips of the leaves to the base from the shallow gradually deeper, near the base of the whole split, there are small cracks 5-6 pairs The leaf surface is smooth, no wax powder and bristles, petiole is light green, 1.3cm in length, 1.6cm in width, 0.6cm in thickness, and crescent shape in cross section. There are about 212 leaves in each plant; the weight per plant is 1.04kg. Characteristics: Late-maturing, spring vegetable cultivation in Lixian County, from sowing to harvest 171 days, strong cold resistance, suitable for processing pickled. (2) Fine leaf type: It is the main cultivated variety in Hunan, Hubei, Jiangxi, Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces such as Shaoxing, Taizhou and Jinhua. The characteristics of these varieties are as follows: leaf is finely crushed, stems are heavy in leaves, and after pickling The discount rate is as high as 74-88%, generally higher than the leaf type, strong disease resistance, strong cold resistance, but the yield of fresh heavy mussels is generally inferior to slat type, and it can be directly eaten after salting and can also be dried and dried. The delicious, world-famous Shaoxing (Shawshan) mildew is made from chopped and dried vegetables of this type. There are a lot of local varieties of leafy vegetables, such as rooftop cooking, Shaoxing and Pujiang, Dongyang, Jinhua, Hangzhou's nine mustard, Xianju's Xiaoyexiao and Shaye Xiao. There are more than 20 fine-leaf landraces collected by the Jingcai Xuecai Development and Research Center of Jingxian County. Now select several representative varieties that perform well and are representative of the following: 1. Qixue 21 (tentative name): original Produced in the western part of Zhejiang Province, it is bred after screening, purification, and rejuvenation by the Jingcai Cabbage Development Research Center. Morphological characteristics: plant height 52cm, development degree 88cm82cm, plant type semi-upright. Strong delivery, there are about 38 births. Leaves dark green, oblanceolate, 67.6cm long, 19.8cm wide, leaf margins irregularly scalloped, tip shallowly lobed, middle and lower parts fully divided, extremely finely divided, similar to chicken feet, with lobes 20-22 pairs, On the large lobes, there are small lobes, leaf surface wrinkles, no wax powder and bristles, petiole pale green, back surface angular, length 2cm, width 1.7cm, thickness 0.65cm, crescent-shaped cross-section, single plant About 252 leaves; plant weight 1.1kg. Characteristics: Late-maturing, cultivating spring vegetables in Luan County, from sowing to harvest 169 days, strong cold resistance, strong resistance, suitable for processing pickled. 2. Qixue 16 (tentative name): Originated in the middle of Zhejiang Province, it is bred after screening, purification and rejuvenation by Jingxian Xuecai Development Research Center. Morphological characteristics: plant height 59cm, development degree 83cm87cm, plant type upright. Strong delivery, there are about 27 births. Leaves green, oblanceolate, 64.8cm long, 19.4cm wide, leaf margin irregularly coarsely jagged, tip lobed, middle and lower part split, lobes 8-10 pairs, leaf surface slightly wrinkled, without wax powder And mane hair, petiole light green, back with angular, 6.3cm long, 2cm wide, 0.7cm thick, flat cross-sectional shape, leaves 177 single plants per plant; plant weight 1.15kg. Characteristics: Late-maturing, cultivating spring vegetables in Luan County, from sowing to harvest 169 days, strong cold resistance, strong resistance, suitable for processing pickled. (3) Mosaic-type Hunan, Hubei, Jiangxi and Zhejiang Linhai, Wenling, Ningbo, and Shanghai are also cultivated. The characteristics of these varieties are: high yield, strong disease resistance, but thick stems and poor quality. There are also many local varieties that belong to this type. There are more than 11 mosaic-type local varieties collected by the Jingcai Xuecai Development and Research Center of Jingxian County. Now select several representative varieties that perform well and are representative of the following: 1. Snow No. 9 (tentative name): The local varieties of Ningbo were bred and purified after being screened, purified, and rejuvenated by Jingxian Xuecai Development Research Center. Morphological characteristics: Plant height 55cm, development degree 71cm66cm, plant type semi-expansion. Strong delivery, there are about 29 births. Leaves yellowish green, obovate, 61.1cm long, 12.9cm wide, leaf blade margin serrate, tip lobed, middle and lower part split, 12-17 pairs of small lobes, smooth leaf surface, no wax powder and bristles, shallow petiole Green, back with a shuttle angle, length 6.1cm, width 1.9cm, thickness 0.6cm, cross-sectional flat garden shape, a single plant has about 223 leaves; plant weight 1.33kg. Characteristics: Medium-maturing, spring vegetable cultivation in Lixian County, from sowing to harvest 161 days, strong cold resistance, strong resistance, suitable for processing pickled, in recent years has become the main varieties of Qiu. 2. Qixue 4 (tentative name): Introduced from Taizhou, selected by the Jingcai Xuecai Development Research Center for screening, purification and rejuvenation. Morphological characteristics: Plant height 60cm, development degree 70cm75cm, plant type semi-expansion. It is highly productive and there are about 32 births. Leaves green, obovate, 59.1cm long, 11.8cm wide, leaf blade serrate, tip lobed, middle and lower part split, 13-15 pairs of small lobes, smooth blade, no wax powder and bristles, petiole light green The back surface has a shuttle angle of 5.7 cm in length, 2.1 cm in width and 0.6 cm in thickness. The cross-section is flat and round, with about 223 leaves per plant. The weight per plant is 1.18 kg. Characteristics: Medium-maturing, spring vegetable cultivation in Pixian, from sowing to harvest 157 days, strong cold resistance, strong resistance, suitable for processing pickled. Second, the cultivation techniques of pickled vegetables Xuecai can be planted many times a year, in the Jiangsu and Zhejiang area in winter sowing spring vegetables called spring vegetables, autumn sowing winter vegetables called winter vegetables; in Hunan, Hubei, Sichuan has four seasons cultivation The custom is called "Four Seasons" (dish dishes). The cultivation techniques of sauerkraut vary according to regions and breeds. The technical points put forward by the sacred pickle development and research center in summing up the experience bases of vegetable peasants in Qiuyu Town, Yi County, Ningbo City, are summarized. (I) The spring vegetable cultivation technique requires a target yield of 4000?/667m2. The spring mustard cultivation should master the following technical points: 1. Sowing and growing seedlings (1), seedling raising, and seedbed selection: In order for the seedlings to grow well, the seedbed should be selected close to Field cultivation, fertile soil, good drainage, clay loams that have not been planted for cruciferous crops for many years, such as selection of dry land for watermelon seedbeds, should be soaked in deep water for 3 days before sowing, and then put on water to dry up and plowing to reduce germ infections. . . 2. The seedbed should be leveled with high standards, and ploughing, ditching, and fine hoeing should be done to reach deep ditch, flat rake and mud smash. At the same time, the base fertilizer should be applied, and the amount of basal fertilizer should be used; superphosphate 30kg/667m2, human feces 1000kg/667m2, and pesticides such as farmland music should be used for soil treatment to prevent soil pests from harming the seedlings. (2) Suitable for sowing in Qiuyu, Qixian County, Zhejiang Province. The suitable sowing time for spring vegetables is generally from October 12 to October 20, and the appropriate sowing rate is 150g to 250g per 667m2. The root system is developed. Seed should be uniform when sowing, straw ash should be covered after sowing, it is best to also cover rice straw or wheat straw, in order to reduce the evaporation of water, promote seed germination and emergence. When the seed germination reaches 80%, straw or wheatgrass should be taken in order to avoid "long leg seedlings". (3), seedling management 1, delete Miao uniform seedlings: seedlings after the emergence of 1-2 true leaves when the seedlings, remove the dense seedlings and rolling seedlings, the second time the deletion of seedlings in the 3-4 leaves, remove the leggy seedlings , weak seedlings, inadvertent seedlings, diseased seedlings and other poor seedlings, seedling distance to grasp the width of two fingers that 3-5cm, when the seedlings grow to have 5-6 true leaves, seedling height 10-13cm Dingmiao, at this time seedling distance For the three finger width or m2 space there are 135 seedlings, the ratio of 1:15 ratio, the removal of seedlings should also be smoothly removed weeds. 2, fertilizer and water management: If the seedling drought, should be watered sooner or later, to keep the soil moist, but not too much watering, or easy to cause mycophenolate. Seedling topdressing can be combined with watering, seedlings and seedlings to be mixed, generally in the 4 leaf stage, the seedlings can be treated with urea 2.5-3kg watering or pouring 1:8-10 degrees of composting manure, transplanting. In the first 5-6 days, body weight is applied, and urea is about 4-5kg per acre. 3, pest control seedling pests mainly locusts, green worms and yellow striped jump. Yellow striped hops can be treated with 80% of dichlorvos emulsion 2000 times or 1000 times of crystal trichlorfon 1000 times spray; maggots and green worms can be sprayed with water for 10-20 grams of water and 50 kg once. Generally once a week can be sprayed once, the whole seedlings should be prevented 3-4 times, in order to achieve the purpose of preventing disease (virus disease) by eliminating fleas. In case of rainy weather, 75% chlorothalonil wettable powder 800 times should be sprayed in a timely manner to prevent the occurrence of disease. 2, Honda cultivation and management (1), timely transplanting and ensure the quality of transplanting 1, timely transplanting in Qixian County, Qiu County, the appropriate period of spring vegetables transplant, generally in late November to December 5th. 2, to ensure the quality of transplanting before transplanting base fertilizer should be applied, before the ditch, Honda can be used superphosphate 40kg/667m2 + ammonium bicarbonate 40kg/667m2+ compound fertilizer 40kg/667m2 or maturity pig fat 2500kg (or chicken manure 10-12箩) )/667m2+ compound fertilizer 25-30kg/667m2 as the base fertilizer; when transplanting, it should be reasonably determined, net 畈1.55m per culvert, ditch width 0.25m, row spacing 0.45m, plant spacing 0.35m, gully muddy, can be crushed Transplanting, transplanting density 4000 strains/667m2. When transplanting, also use "four-in-one" fertilizer (ratio: 70kg coke ash + superphosphate 2.5kg + compound biological fertilizer 200g high + dry organic fertilizer 10kg) about 300kg/667m2 about plugging, such as sunny Dry weather, also apply water to root, in order to promote survival. (High fertility is a kind of compound biological fertilizer, which has the functions of nitrogen fixation, phosphate release, and potassium release. In order to improve its effectiveness, the fertility can be mixed with organic fertilizer 7-10 days before transplanting, so that the biological bacteria can be pre-fermented. Breeding.High fertility of the general use of 2 packs / 667m2; superphosphate 6kg/667m2; organic fertilizer amount). (2) Management after transplanting 1. About 5-7 days after planting seedlings and keeping seedlings, it is necessary to conduct seedling inspections and fill shortages. In case of continuous drought, furrow irrigation can be used to increase the survival rate. Furrow irrigation is generally performed in the evening, with half-ditch water being appropriate. 2. Applying top-dressing spring vegetables Honda top dressing is generally divided into two phases according to the lunar calendar, namely during the year and outside the year. Two times during the year, the first time after planting 20-30 days, the second before the end of the lunar calendar. Each application of urea 5-7.5kg, superphosphate 10-15kg/667m2, add water 1000-1500? The fertilizer is also applied twice a year. Before and after the first rain (mid-February), the second time between the seizure and the vernal equinox (March 10-15), a shallow groove can be opened between the rows. Urea 15? + potassium chloride 10-15?/667m2, combined with clear trench cover to improve fertilizer efficiency. 3, do a good job in diseases, insects, weed control chemical Weeding Qiu yin vegetable farmers before the late rice harvest spring vegetables with 10% of glyphosate 500-600 ml / 667m2 field (including Tian Lu) spray; transplanting After the 5th leaf stage of grass weeds, 20 g of water was sprayed with 50 g of water. Dicotyledonous weeds use cultivator weeding. Pest control Pests and diseases of spring cabbage are mostly occurred in seedlings and early growth stages where temperatures are relatively high, especially under continuous climatic conditions. It is necessary to carry out prevention and control in time for different pests and diseases. The focus is on controlling aphids and pickled cabbage virus diseases. Mainly. Aphids can generally be sprayed “once in a net”; the prevention and control of viral diseases should be based on comprehensive agricultural control. The following points should be noted: 1. Select disease-resistant varieties; 2. Do not choose former cruciferous crops. To plant lettuce; Third, the sowing density should not be tight; Fourth, to promote the transplanting tide; Fifth, we must promptly control locusts. Due to the declining temperatures in spring and later growing seasons of spring cabbage, there are few pests and diseases. (3) Time for picking spring vegetables at a timely manner. Early maturing varieties are mostly around April 5, and late maturing varieties are around April 20, and the appropriate harvest period is based on pods and leaves (about 8 to 10 hours long). ?) is appropriate. Early harvesting will affect production; late harvesting and overcooking will affect the quality of pickling. In order to ensure the quality of pickling, Qiu Lu vegetable growers harvested in sunny afternoons in order to reduce the water content of the plants (in the Jiaxing and Huzhou areas, the harvest was harvested in two separate operations, regardless of the weather.) Harvesting At the same time, the root of each cabbage was cut flat with a knife, and the outer layer of diseased leaves and yellow leaves were removed. The base was then turned upwards, and the leaves and moss faced downwards to cover the surface of the pods to further reduce the moisture content of the plants. (B), the cultivation techniques of winter vegetables are basically the same as that of spring lettuce. However, due to the high temperature during the seedling stage and early growth stage of winter vegetables, especially in dry years, they are prone to virus disease hazards. Therefore, we should pay more attention to crop rotation and use more antivirus. Diseased varieties, nurturing strong seedlings, transplanting with soil, deep ditch sorghum, strengthening fertilizer and water management, adding phosphorus and potash fertilizers, and other comprehensive prevention and control measures, and appropriate late sowing, the trials of the Jingcai Cabbage Development and Research Center at the county to prove the sowing of winter vegetables It is advisable to sow before and after the summer heat (August 23) to avoid high temperatures and reduce the risk of viral diseases. In addition, attention should also be paid to: (1) Pouring water at the bottom of the day before sowing in order to facilitate emergence. (2) After sowing, silver-gray insect nets should be used to isolate nursery to prevent aphids and reduce the risk of virus diseases. (3) Before transplanting, they can be sprayed “on the net” and take the drug “marry”. (4) Timely transplanting and field management after transplanting 1. The time for transplanting of winter vegetables is generally at the end of September and the seedling age is 25-30 days. The transplanting plant spacing is more dense than that of spring vegetables, and the general planting width is even 1.5m wide species of 4 rows, plant spacing 27cm, the number of plants: 6400 / 667m2 or so. The best time for planting is to choose the sunny day after 3:00 pm or on a cloudy day, transplanting with soil (in the morning of transplanting, the seedbed will be irrigated, and when the seedlings are raised, use a kitchen knife to block on the seedbed so that the root system will bring soil). When transplanting, use "four-in-one" fertilizer roots (the same as above), and then apply root water after rooting, so that the root system and the soil are in close contact to increase the survival rate of the seedlings. After planting, water should be used sooner or later. Conditions can be used to cover the shading nets to facilitate survival. In the early stage of growth, if the weather is arid, it should be filled in the trenches in the evening, but it should not be flooded. After planting live trees, it is necessary to top-dress fertilizers in time, generally 3-4 times for top-dressing. Every 667m2 can be used to compost manure 750-1000kg or urea 7.5-10kg. Combine drought resistance with flooding. The amount of fertilizer used should be from light to strong. Do not apply concentrated fertilizer. 25 days before harvest, heavy fertilizer is applied once. In general, 15 kg of urea or 30 kg of ammonium bicarbonate and 10 kg of potassium chloride can be used per 667 m2 to increase production and improve quality. 2, to prevent pests and diseases: Qiu Xueli focus on prevention of aphids and virus diseases. After the transplanting, Honda can spray “on-the-fly” every 7-10 days in the early stage of growth, and it is generally applied twice, with the same amount and ratio as the spring vegetables. Through the treatment of warts and other comprehensive agricultural control measures can effectively prevent the occurrence of viral diseases. (3) The timely growth of winter vegetables is relatively short. Except for about 30 days, the growing season in Daejeon is generally only about 60 days. It can be harvested before and after the small snow.

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