In production practice, the utilization rate of superphosphate is relatively low. The main reason is that after it is applied to the soil, the water-soluble phosphate monocalcium phosphate in the fertilizer is easily fixed and the mobility is small. Therefore, the principle of rational application of superphosphate is to reduce the contact area with the soil and increase the chance of contact with the root system.
Superphosphate is currently the most produced chemical fertilizer in China. Its main components are water-soluble monocalcium phosphate and insoluble calcium sulfate, which account for about 40% to 50% and 40% of the weight of the fertilizer. In addition, the fertilizer also contains a small amount of phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid, and water insoluble. Phosphates and other impurities such as iron, aluminum, and calcium salts. Generally gray or light gray powder, but also granular. Because it contains free acids (phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid), so calcium superphosphate is acidic, and has hygroscopicity, in the process of storage and transportation should pay attention to moisture. Practice has proved that the utilization of superphosphate is low, generally only 10% to 25%, mainly because it is applied to the soil, the water-soluble phosphate and calcium phosphate in the fertilizer can be easily fixed, and the mobility is small. Therefore, the principle of rational application of SSP is to reduce its contact area with the soil, but also to increase its chance of contact with the root system. To this end, scientific and rational methods of application should be adopted to increase their utilization.
Concentrated and hierarchical application. Superphosphate can be used as basal fertilizer, seed fertilizer and topdressing fertilizer, but no matter what fertilizer is used, it has a good effect of concentrated application. Because the centralized application (articles and acupoints) can reduce the contact surface of fertilizer and soil, reduce the fixation, and increase the chance of contact with the root group, the concentration of fertilizer points is larger, which is conducive to the diffusion of phosphate to the root surface, making the root system easy Absorb phosphorus nutrition. On the basis of centralized application, it is better to adopt a layered application, that is, most of the phosphate fertilizers are used as deep-seated basal fertilizers, and some are shallowly applied or used as seed fertilizers, or rice roots are rooted. This can be adapted to the growth of the crop roots and the need for fertilizers, ie, less roots are required for the seedlings at the seedling stage, and the roots are deeper and require more fertilizer in the middle stages. For seed fertilizer or root fertilizer, attention should be paid to the damage of free acid in superphosphate to seeds and roots. Generally, 2% to 3% of the ash equivalent to the amount of phosphate fertilizer can be mixed and piled with the seed for half a day before being mixed with seeds. Fertilizer should be mixed with phosphate fertilizer and 1 to 2 times the decomposed organic fertilizer or fine soil mixture stacking half a day to one day after the water into a paste point root.
Mixed with organic fertilizer. Mixing with organic fertilizers can reduce the fixation of phosphorus. On the one hand, it reduces the contact with the soil. On the other hand, the decomposition products of organic fertilizers can reduce the fixation of phosphorus, such as iron and aluminum, in the soil.
Made of granular fertilizer. Calcium superphosphate is made into particles with a particle size of 3 to 5 mm, and it is more effective to apply it on soil with strong fixing force. Because it gradually dissolves the available phosphorus, the effective time is longer, and at the same time it reduces the contact with the soil. Granular fertilizer is suitable for mechanical application and it is safe to make fertilizer. However, the particle size should not be too large, too large particles will reduce the contact between the phosphate fertilizer and the root system. For application on calcareous soils, it is not necessary to make them into granules. According to tests, there is no significant difference in the yields obtained with powdered and granular superphosphate.
For application on acid soils, lime must be applied. Lime ploughs should be applied first before applying phosphate fertilizer. Do not mix lime with superphosphate so as not to reduce the effectiveness of phosphate fertilizer.
As top-dressing fertilizer. Calcium superphosphate is also a cost-effective method for extra-root spraying, which prevents phosphorus from being fixed in the soil and directly absorbed by the crop. Prior to spraying, superphosphate was added to 10 times water to soak overnight, and the clear solution was diluted with water to a desired concentration and sprayed. Spraying different concentrations of various types of crops, rice, wheat and other cereals can be used 1% to 3% leachate, fruit trees available about 2% concentration, cotton, vegetables, etc. available 1% concentration.
Superphosphate is particularly suitable for the application of sulfur-deficient soils, even in soils that are not sulphur-deficient, and are also suitable for particularly sulphur-requiring crops such as cereals, beans, peanuts, pastures and the like.
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