Orchard soil management involves several techniques, including plowing, mulching, weeding, and no-tillage. Traditionally, in China, the clear cultivation method has been widely used, where orchards are kept free of weeds and the soil is continuously tilled to maintain looseness. This method helps promote microbial activity and organic matter decomposition, leading to improved nutrient availability for fruit trees in the short term. However, long-term use of intensive plowing can lead to a decline in soil organic matter, damage to soil structure, and increased labor costs.
Today, many countries have shifted to grass cover methods, where a certain amount of grass is either cultivated or left to grow naturally between fruit trees. This approach offers multiple benefits: it improves the orchard's microclimate, reduces surface temperatures during hot seasons, increases soil temperature in winter, prevents soil erosion, and helps retain moisture. When combined with autumn and winter fertilization, the grass can be turned into the soil to enrich it with organic matter and nutrients, reducing overall production costs.
There are two main types of grass cover: artificial and natural. Artificial grasses, such as Bahia grass, white clover, ryegrass, and musk vines, are commonly selected due to their adaptability, rapid growth, and ability to suppress weeds. Bahia grass, for example, is ideal for soil conservation and thrives in areas with annual rainfall above 750 mm. It is drought and flood-resistant, with strong stolon development that allows it to recover quickly after trampling. Proper sowing techniques, seed treatment, and timely fertilizer application are essential for successful establishment.
White clover is another popular choice, especially in young orchards. It prefers cool and humid conditions and requires regular mowing to encourage regrowth. Musk vines, also known as white flowers, are beneficial for controlling pests like spider mites and yellow spiders.
Natural grasses, such as wild mugwort, crabgrass, and setaria, can also be used if they are compatible with the orchard ecosystem. These plants are often low-growing, shallow-rooted, and do not compete heavily with fruit trees. Regardless of the type of grass used, all unwanted weeds must be removed manually or with herbicides to avoid competition.
After three to five years of grass growth, the orchard should be deeply tilled and lime applied to prevent soil compaction. The area under the tree canopy, where roots are most concentrated, should remain free of weeds and kept loose to ensure optimal root development. Overall, proper soil management plays a crucial role in maintaining healthy and productive orchards.
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