The temperature during incubation plays a crucial role in the development of chicken embryos. Below a certain threshold, known as the "physiological zero," embryonic development is halted. For chickens, this physiological zero is approximately 23.9°C. However, once the temperature rises above this point, the embryo begins to develop. The optimal temperature range for chicken egg incubation typically falls between 35°C and 40.5°C. Within this range, there is an ideal temperature that supports the best development. During the first 1 to 19 days of incubation, the optimal temperature is around 37.8°C, while during the hatching phase (days 19 to 21), it should be slightly lower, around 36.9°C to 37.2°C. Maintaining the ambient temperature between 24°C and 26°C also helps ensure stable conditions for successful hatching.
Ambient temperature significantly affects the accuracy of incubation temperature control. In practice, incubation methods are often adjusted based on regional and seasonal differences. Two common approaches are constant temperature incubation and variable temperature incubation. Constant temperature incubation involves maintaining a steady temperature throughout the process, such as 37.8°C for the first 19 days and 37.2°C for the final two days. This method requires a stable environment with proper ventilation and an ambient temperature between 22°C and 26°C. On the other hand, variable temperature incubation adjusts the internal temperature based on factors like the type of incubator, the age of the embryo, and external conditions. For example, if the ambient temperature is below 20°C, the incubation temperature may need to be increased by 0.5°C to 0.7°C. If the ambient temperature exceeds 30°C, the incubation temperature can be reduced by 0.2°C to 0.6°C.
Humidity also has a significant impact on embryo development. It influences water evaporation from the egg and the metabolic processes of the embryo. There is a dynamic relationship between temperature and humidity. In the early stages of incubation, higher temperatures require lower humidity levels, while high humidity calls for lower temperatures. After the “disk†stage (when the air cell forms), humidity should be increased, and the temperature should be slightly lowered. It's important to avoid high temperature and high humidity simultaneously, as this can lead to poor ventilation and an increase in carbon dioxide levels, which may harm the developing embryo.
Different types of poultry eggs may have varying incubation requirements. Factors such as breed, pre-browning conditions, forced molting, shell thickness, and egg weight can influence the ideal temperature. Typically, the temperature should be slightly higher in the early stages and gradually decreased later, with a difference of up to 0.2°C between the early and late phases.
Monitoring the embryo’s development at different stages is essential. By examining the eggs, one can assess whether the development is progressing normally. If abnormalities are detected, adjustments to the hatching conditions should be made promptly. Two key periods to observe are the closure time and the final hatching phase. Around day 11, the allantoic blood vessels in a normally developing egg should close. If most eggs have closed by this time, the temperature may be too high and should be reduced by 0.2°C. If only a few eggs show closure, the temperature might be too low and should be increased by 0.1°C to 0.3°C. The second critical period occurs around day 17, when the egg becomes dark and opaque. If the light transmission area is large, the temperature should be raised by 0.2°C. If some eggs appear tilted, it may indicate rapid development, and the temperature should be reduced by 0.2°C to 0.5°C.
Temperature and ventilation are closely related. As the embryo grows, its gas exchange with the environment increases, requiring more airflow. In practice, the damper should be gradually opened as hatching progresses. However, care must be taken not to over-ventilate, as this can cause temperature fluctuations and make it difficult to maintain the required incubation conditions. Balancing temperature and ventilation is key to ensuring healthy embryo development.
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