Jinhua bergamot is primarily propagated through vegetative methods, including cutting, grafting, high branch layering, and tissue culture. Since bergamot fruits are seedless and the plant reproduces asexually, sexual propagation via seeds is not possible under natural conditions.
Cutting is one of the most commonly used techniques due to its simplicity and high survival rate. The best time for cuttings is during spring and summer, typically between March to April and late July to early August. Cuttings should be taken from healthy, mature branches that are 7–10 cm long with 3–5 leaves. These cuttings are then placed in a well-prepared seedbed, which should be located in a sunny, well-drained area with loose soil. A black plastic film can be used instead of sand to suppress weeds and maintain moisture, which helps promote root development.
Once planted, cuttings usually take about 15–20 days to develop roots. After rooting, they require careful management of light, water, and temperature. Seedlings must be protected from extreme temperatures—shade nets are used in hot weather, while frost protection is needed in winter. Watering should be consistent but not excessive, and weeding is essential to prevent competition for nutrients.
Grafting is another method used to produce more vigorous and longer-living plants. It involves selecting a suitable rootstock, such as citrus or lemon, and grafting a scion from a healthy mother plant. This method results in stronger root systems and better cold resistance, though it requires more technical skill and time compared to cutting.
Layering, both high and low, is also effective for propagating Jinhua bergamot. High layering involves wrapping a section of the branch with a moist medium like moss or rock wool and covering it with plastic. After a few weeks, roots will form, and the new plant can be separated. Low layering is similar but done closer to the ground, often using a pot filled with soil.
In addition to traditional methods, modern breeding techniques focus on developing superior cultivars with traits like higher yield, better quality, disease resistance, and unique colors. Bud mutations and somatic variations are closely monitored, as they can lead to new and desirable varieties. With ongoing research and technological advancements, future developments in bergamot cultivation are expected to bring even more innovative options for growers.
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