In the past two years, grape disease outbreaks have been significantly influenced by various factors. Among these, grape anthracnose has caused the most severe damage and is considered one of the biggest challenges for farmers and growers. Also known as "late rot," anthracnose is a major cause of fruit rot during the ripening stage of grapes. Once infected, the berries suffer from both yield loss and quality degradation, leading to substantial economic losses. Varieties such as Red Globe, Red Muscat, and Rose are particularly vulnerable, making the prevention and control of anthracnose a critical task in grape cultivation.
The widespread occurrence of anthracnose isn't just due to weather conditions. Two key factors contribute to its prevalence: first, the overuse of traditional fungicides like mancozeb, thiram, and carbendazim. Many farmers rely heavily on these conventional treatments without rotating them, leading to resistance and reduced effectiveness. Second, improper timing of applications plays a big role. Often, farmers don’t apply fungicides early enough—before or after flowering—missing crucial windows when the disease is most susceptible to control.
To effectively manage anthracnose, it's essential to understand the pathogen and implement a well-planned strategy. Here are some important steps:
**I. Pathogen and Disease Development**
Anthracnose is caused by *Colletotrichum gloeosporioides*. The fungus survives the winter in infected plant parts, such as old branches, vine tissues, and diseased fruits. In the following growing season, it produces spores that spread through wind and rain, infecting young berries via lenticels and wounds. The disease can remain latent before becoming visible, often appearing as small water-soaked spots that develop into dark, sunken lesions with concentric rings of black fruiting bodies. High humidity causes the release of sticky, reddish masses, which worsen the infection. If left unchecked, the affected berries may shrivel and fall off, also damaging stems, clusters, and petioles.
The disease typically appears in early July, intensifying during the rainy summer and autumn months. Warm temperatures near harvest time further promote disease development.
**II. Prevention and Control Measures**
1. **Cultural Practices**: During the dormant season, prune and remove all dead or infected material, including shoots, leaves, and berries. Proper disposal—burning or deep burial—helps reduce overwintering inoculum.
2. **Orchard Management**: Throughout the growing season, perform timely pruning to improve air circulation and light penetration. Remove excess shoots and tendrils to enhance ventilation and reduce humidity. Apply organic and potassium-rich fertilizers while maintaining a balanced ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. Supplement with micronutrients to strengthen the vines and boost their natural defenses.
3. **Fungicide Application**: Before bud break, spray a combination of BASF 400 times and carbendazim 500 times. Apply Baitai 1500 times 3–5 days before flowering, then repeat 5 days after flowering, every 10 days. Before bagging, spray Kairun 2500 times across the entire vineyard. After the disease appears, remove infected areas and treat with 2000-times diluted solutions. Fresh formulations at 1500 times can also be used. Always rotate products and ensure proper spraying techniques to maximize effectiveness.
In conclusion, effective anthracnose management requires a holistic approach—combining proper nutrition, balanced fertilizer use, and precise pesticide application. It’s crucial to focus on key periods such as pre-flowering, post-flowering, pre-bagging, and during disease onset. By adopting a strategic and informed approach, farmers can significantly reduce the impact of this destructive disease. With consistent effort and attention, the damage caused by anthracnose can be minimized, ensuring healthier crops and better yields.
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