In order to maximize yield and profitability, it's essential to start with the right variety selection. Opt for virus-free, early-maturing potato varieties that can be harvested within three months of planting. These varieties allow for off-season production, which can lead to higher market prices and better economic returns. Some suitable options include Japanese Yellow Potato, Yushu 10, and Sushu 8. These varieties typically grow between 50 to 70 cm tall and are ideal for high-density planting. Planting should take place in mid to late April, with harvests expected by mid-July. This timing also allows for a secondary crop, such as sweet potatoes, to be planted after the main harvest.
Soil preparation is equally important. Early cultivation requires well-drained, elevated sandy soil to ensure good root development and drought resistance. The recommended nutrient ratio for sweet potatoes is nitrogen:phosphorus:potassium at 1:0.7:2. Additionally, trace elements like zinc, iron, manganese, and boron are necessary for optimal growth. It's crucial to avoid chlorine, as potassium chloride contains chlorine ions that can negatively affect the quality of the tubers. Instead, potassium sulfate is preferred in commercial production. For each mu of land, apply 2–3 cubic meters of well-decomposed organic fertilizer, 20–30 kg of ammonium bicarbonate, 100 kg of superphosphate, and 30–40 kg of potassium sulfate. Combine this with deep plowing to form ridges approximately 30 cm high and 50–60 cm wide. The small rows should be 50–60 cm apart, while the large rows should be 70–80 cm apart. Mulching is recommended, and in some cases, double coverage with small arch sheds can enhance growth conditions.
Timing of planting is critical. It should occur when the daily average temperature stabilizes at 15°C, and the ground temperature at a depth of 5–10 cm reaches 17°C. Strong and weak seedlings should be planted separately to prevent competition and ensure uniform growth. Before covering the mulch, you can sprinkle wheat bran or cereal grains mixed with phosphorus or 9% trichlorfon crystals into the soil to deter pests. In areas with a history of sweet potato nematode infestations, use 5% sweet potato stem nematode granules at a rate of 1–1.5 kg per mu. Plant the seedlings at a depth of 5–6 cm, leaving 3–4 leaves above the soil surface. Leggy seedlings can be cut back at the root and replanted about 20 cm from the original point. Due to the need for high-density planting in early maturing systems, aim for 4,000–5,000 plants per mu to achieve early harvest and high yields.
After planting, regular monitoring is essential. Check the seedlings three days post-planting and perform timely cultivation and weeding. Protect the plants from pests such as leaf rollers and sweet potato hornworms. During the rainy season, excessive moisture can delay root development, so it's advisable to lift the roots slightly during weeding, reposition them, and then let them re-root. This practice must be strictly avoided in areas where root rot is severe. In such cases, topping and pruning should be done to control growth. For general plots or those showing signs of decline, combine watering with the application of about 15 kg of potassium sulfate compound fertilizer per acre. Additionally, spray potassium dihydrogen phosphate and sweet potato growth enhancer 2–3 times to promote healthy development and increase yield.
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