Valves are essential components in pipeline fluid delivery systems, designed to regulate the flow and direction of various media such as water, steam, oil, gas, and even corrosive or radioactive fluids. They serve multiple purposes, including shut-off, diversion, regulation, throttling, pressure relief, and check functions. Valves come in a wide range of sizes and types, from small instrument valves to large industrial valves with diameters up to 10 meters. Their operating pressures can vary from as low as 1.3×10 MPa to ultra-high pressures exceeding 1000 MPa, and they can function at temperatures ranging from ultra-low (-269°C) to extremely high (1430°C). These devices can be manually operated or controlled through electric, hydraulic, pneumatic, or automatic mechanisms, making them adaptable for use in both simple and complex systems.
Valves are classified based on several parameters, including pressure, temperature, material, and connection type. For instance, vacuum valves operate below atmospheric pressure, while low-pressure, medium-pressure, high-pressure, and ultra-high-pressure valves are categorized by their nominal pressure ratings. Temperature classifications include normal, medium, high, low, and ultra-low temperature valves. The materials used in valve construction vary widely, from non-metallic options like ceramics and plastics to metallic materials such as stainless steel, cast iron, and alloys. Additionally, valves may have linings made of rubber, fluoroplastic, or other protective coatings depending on the application.
In terms of size, valves are divided into small, medium, large, and extra-large categories based on their nominal diameter. Connection methods also play a key role in classification, with common types including threaded, flanged, welded, and clamp connections. Beyond these basic classifications, valves can be further grouped by their structural design and operational mechanism. This includes gate valves, globe valves, ball valves, butterfly valves, check valves, safety valves, and many others, each serving specific functions within a system.
Valves can also be categorized as either automatic or drive-operated. Automatic valves respond to changes in pressure, temperature, or flow without external input, while drive valves require manual, electric, hydraulic, or pneumatic actuation. Depending on the movement of the closing element, valves can be classified as linear, rotary, or sliding types. Each type has its own advantages and is suited for different applications, ensuring that there is a valve suitable for nearly every industrial need. Whether it's controlling the flow of a liquid in a chemical plant or managing steam in a power station, valves remain a critical part of modern engineering systems.
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