As the month of October begins, Chinese cabbage enters its peak growth phase. According to recent field inspections, the incidence of diseases and pests has been lower compared to previous years during this time. However, due to frequent thunderstorms and overcast weather in August and September in Beijing, the early growth of the crops was somewhat stunted. With the climate changes expected in October—especially the cloudy days at the beginning of the month—it is crucial to focus on water and fertilizer management during this autumn season. Proper care during this period will help promote healthy development, control pests and diseases effectively, and ensure a successful harvest of Chinese cabbage this year.
The "Baoxin" period, which is the critical stage for leaf weight development, is especially important for mid-to-late maturing varieties such as Beijing No. 3. During this time, about two-thirds of the total growth occurs, making it essential to manage irrigation and fertilization properly.
**Irrigation Requirements**: In October, rainfall tends to be less, but water demand increases significantly. It is necessary to supplement with irrigation. Since the leaves of Chinese cabbage contain about 95–96% water, proper watering during this key period is vital. The first irrigation should be light to avoid damaging plant growth if water levels are too high. After 4–5 days, regular irrigation should begin, typically every 5–7 days, with each application not less than 30 cubic meters per acre. For sandy loam soils, irrigation intervals should be shortened to 5–6 days. One week before harvesting, watering should stop to prevent excess moisture and make harvesting easier, reducing mechanical damage.
**Top Dressing Requirements**: Once the filling period starts, the plants are already covered and ridged. To minimize manual disturbance, top dressing should be done using liquid fertilizer. The first top dressing should be applied before the Cold Dew festival, and the second one around mid-month, just before the Frost's Descent. As temperatures drop, fertilizer efficiency decreases, so nitrogen-based fertilizers like ammonium sulfate are most effective. A typical application rate is 15–20 kg per mu, followed by irrigation. For fields with slightly poorer soil quality, the amount can be adjusted upward.
**Pest and Disease Control**: Focus should be placed on controlling downy mildew, black spot, soft rot, black rot, bacterial angular spot, aphids, cabbage caterpillars, and beet armyworms. Timely and targeted treatments are essential. Spraying should be thorough, covering both sides of the leaves. For example, moth caterpillars are active at night, so spraying should be done in the morning and evening for better results. Combining chemical and physical control methods, such as using insecticidal lamps or yellow sticky boards, can improve effectiveness.
**Disease Control Options**:
- **Downy Mildew**: Use 72% mancozeb wettable powder diluted 600–800 times, or 69% chlorothalonil manganese zinc wettable powder at 800–1000 times.
- **Black Spot**: Apply 50% acetamiprid wettable powder at 1000 times, or 80% mancozeb wettable powder at 600–800 times.
- **Soft Rot & Black Rot**: Use 72% agricultural streptomycin at 4000 times, or 77% copper oxychloride WP at 500 times. Infected plants should be removed and buried deep to prevent spread. Diseased areas should be disinfected with quicklime or chemicals, and the soil compacted after watering or rain.
- **Bacterial Angular Spot**: Treat with neemectin at 4000 times.
**Insect Pest Control**:
- **Aphids**: Apply 5% pyrethrin EC emulsion at 2000–2500 times, or 25% acephate water dispersible granules at 6000–8000 times.
- **Spodoptera exigua (Cabbage Looper)**: Use 1.8% abamectin at 3000 times.
- **Diamondback Moth & Cabbage Caterpillar**: Apply 2.5% spinosad suspension concentrate at 1000–1500 times.
Proper management during this critical growth period ensures healthier plants, fewer losses, and a bountiful harvest.
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