Pregnancy in cows can be identified through several physical and behavioral signs. After mating, a pregnant cow typically stops showing estrus, becomes more docile, eats more, gains weight, and develops a shiny coat. A vaginal examination one month post-mating may reveal a dry, pale vaginal membrane, with the cervix closed and a thick mucus plug present. Another method involves administering 10 mg of ethylene diethylstilbestrol (EDS) intramuscularly 20 days after mating; if the cow does not show estrus, she is likely pregnant. A rectal exam can also help: the uterus feels soft and enlarged, and the uterine horns may appear thicker or larger, depending on the stage of pregnancy.
Proper care for a pregnant cow includes providing balanced nutrition, especially proteins like soybean meal or fish meal, along with vitamins A and E. During winter, green feed may be supplemented with malt or silage. Bone meal should be added to prevent bone diseases. Exercise should be moderate, and the cow should avoid stress or heavy work. One month before calving, she should be kept separate and well-fed to prepare for birth.
As delivery approaches, the udder swells, and the teats may secrete a yellowish fluid. The vulva becomes swollen, and mucus discharge occurs a day or two before birth. The cow may lie down frequently and appear restless. Using a breeding record, the expected calving date can be estimated by subtracting three months and adding ten days. For example, breeding on May 11 would result in a due date of February 21 the following year.
During labor, the cow should be closely monitored in a clean, quiet area. Once the amniotic sac breaks, the cow should lie on her left side to reduce pressure on the fetus. If the calf’s hooves break the membrane, the amniotic fluid should be drained. A warm bran soup with salt and sugar is recommended for the cow post-delivery. If the calf is born in an abnormal position, it should be gently repositioned, and assistance may be needed to guide the head and body out safely.
For the newborn calf, immediately clear its mouth and nose with a dry cloth to aid breathing. If the calf is not breathing, lift its legs to drain fluid and perform artificial respiration. The umbilical cord should be disinfected with iodine and cut 6-8 cm from the abdomen. In cold weather, wipe the calf’s body and keep it warm. Help the calf stand and feed it colostrum as soon as possible.
After birth, the cow should be given warm bran soup and clean hay. The placenta must be removed within 24 hours; otherwise, surgical intervention may be required. Lochia is normal, but if it smells foul or lasts longer than 21 days, a veterinary check-up is necessary. Postpartum estrus often appears around 15-20 days after birth, but it may be subtle. If no estrus occurs within 45-60 days, the cow’s health, nutrition, and reproductive organs should be evaluated to ensure fertility.
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