As October begins, Chinese cabbage enters its critical growth phase. According to recent field inspections, the incidence of diseases and pests is currently lower than in previous years during the same period. However, due to the frequent thunderstorms and overcast weather in August and September in Beijing, the early growth of the crop was somewhat stunted. With the climate changes in October, cloudy days are expected at the beginning of the month, which means that water and fertilizer management during this fall season will focus on promoting healthy development and strengthening pest and disease control to ensure a bountiful harvest of Chinese cabbage.
The "Baoxin" period, which is the peak stage for leaf weight accumulation, is crucial for varieties like Beijing No. 3. During this time, the leaf growth accounts for about two-thirds of the total growth period, making proper water and fertilizer management essential.
**Irrigation Requirements:**
In October, rainfall is generally low, and the water demand of Chinese cabbage increases compared to earlier periods. Therefore, irrigation must be timely and adequate. The leaves of Chinese cabbage contain up to 95-96% water, so proper watering is especially important during the core growth phase. The first irrigation should be light during the filling stage to avoid damaging plant growth. After 4–5 days, regular irrigation can begin, with each session lasting 5–7 days and using no less than 30 cubic meters per mu. For sandy loam soils, the interval between irrigations should be 5–6 days. Watering should stop one week before harvesting to prevent excessive moisture retention and facilitate easier harvesting, reducing mechanical damage.
**Top-dressing Requirements:**
After entering the filling period, the plants are already closed and ridged. To minimize mechanical damage from manual work, top-dressing should be done through liquid fertilization. The first application should occur before the Cold Dew festival, and the second around mid-month, just before the Frost's Descent. During this time, temperatures gradually drop, which reduces fertilizer efficiency. Ammonium sulfate is recommended as the best nitrogen source, with a dosage of 15–20 kg per mu, followed by irrigation. For fields with slightly poorer soil fertility, the amount of top-dressing can be increased appropriately.
**Pest and Disease Control:**
Chinese cabbage is vulnerable to several diseases and pests, including downy mildew, black spot, soft rot, black rot, bacterial angular spot, aphids, cabbage caterpillars, and beet armyworms. It is important to implement targeted treatments and timely prevention. Spraying should be thorough, covering both sides of the leaves. Based on insect behavior patterns, pesticide applications should be scheduled accordingly—for example, controlling moth caterpillars in the morning and evening, as they are primarily active at night. Combining chemical and physical control methods, such as using insecticidal lamps or yellow sticky boards, can enhance effectiveness.
**Disease Control Options:**
- **Downy Mildew**: Use 72% mancozeb wettable powder diluted 600–800 times, or 69% chlorothalonil + mancozeb wettable powder at 800–1000 times.
- **Black Spot**: Apply 50% acetamiprid wettable powder at 1000 times, or 80% chlorothalonil wettable powder at 600–800 times.
- **Soft Rot and Black Rot**: Use 72% agricultural streptomycin at 4000 times, or 77% copper oxychloride WP at 500 times. Infected areas should be removed, buried deeply, and disinfected with quicklime or chemicals.
- **Bacterial Angular Spot**: Treat with neemectin diluted 4000 times.
**Insect Pest Control:**
- **Aphids**: Apply 5% pyrethrin EC emulsion at 2000–2500 times, or 25% acephate water dispersible granules at 6000–8000 times.
- **Spodoptera exigua (Cabbage Looper)**: Use 1.8% abamectin at 3000 times.
- **Diamondback Moth and Cabbage Caterpillar**: Apply 2.5% spinosad suspension concentrate at 1000–1500 times.
Proper management during this critical growth phase ensures healthier plants, fewer losses, and a successful harvest.
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