With the rapid development of China’s economy and the continuous improvement of people’s living standards, health awareness has increased, and consumers have increasingly demanded animal food quality. Therefore, green “meatâ€, “egg†and “milk†are popular among consumers. Ecological farming has emerged as a result and has shown rapid development.
Take ecological chickens as an example. In 1999, the Taihang Mountain area of ​​Hebei Province has just started and is being tested in a small number of counties and cities in Yi County. Today, the eco-culture of egg farms in mountain farms spreads throughout the 24 counties in the Taihang Mountain area of ​​Hebei Province and radiates to other mountainous regions, plain areas and neighboring provinces and cities. It is a gratifying situation. However, since entering the winter, the author received some consultation calls from chicken farms and also visited some of the province's chicken farms. There are indeed some problems in production:
I. Problems
1. Low egg production rate
The number of chicken farms visited by more than a dozen chicken farms and the number of chicken farms consulted by telephone have not been satisfactory since the winter season. Generally about 30%, the higher ones are less than 50%, some even 20%, and the fluctuations are large, low and unstable.
2. Decreased egg quality
Egg quality is mainly reflected in egg shell thickness, firmness, eggshell surface cleanliness, and egg-white color. In some chicken farms, egg shell thickness and firmness are reduced, and thin shell eggs, brown eggs and soft shell eggs appear; some chicken farm eggshells are generally poor in cleanliness and are covered with faeces and pollutants; most chicken farm eggs are yellow The degree is greatly reduced. From 9 or more Roche units during the grazing period to less than 8.
3. The disease has risen
Some chicken farms have respiratory diseases. Some chicken farms have internal and external parasitic diseases. Marek disease (visceral type) occasionally occurs in individual chicken farms.
Second, the reason
Due to the different circumstances of different chicken farms, the issues are more complicated. However, the common problems are mainly manifested in the following aspects:
The chicken is too late
The required temperature range for laying hens is 8-27°C, and the optimum temperature is 13-24°C. If the ambient temperature is too low, it will not only reduce the egg production rate, but also lead to an increase in feed intake and unnecessary loss of nutrition. Under normal circumstances, when the minimum ambient temperature drops to about 5°C, chickens grazing in the wild should be circulated back to the sheds, and a plastic shed equivalent to or larger than the sheds' area should be added to the sunny side of the shed as a playground. However, some chicken farms are still grazing outdoors and there are no insulation facilities at night.
2. Short illumination time
The survey found that many chicken farms have less than 12 hours of light per day (natural light plus artificial light). Some of the chicken farms built in the wild have no power source and have no supplemental lighting at all.
3. Insufficient amount of feed
Some chicken farms use the amount and method of feeding materials during the grazing period, feeding 50 to 75 grams each day, and a few reach 100 grams. For laying hens that have no insulation facilities and are still grazing in the wild, their nutrition is not enough.
4. Malnutrition
Some chicken farms have random ingredients, and some have chickens; some chicken farms are categorized according to cage chicken standards; some chicken farms buy local so-called “chaiji chicken special materialsâ€; some chicken farms see the current feed prices are high Cheap raw materials, serious imbalance in nutrition. Mainly in the serious shortage of vitamins and trace elements, protein energy imbalance, imbalance in the proportion of minerals, essential amino acids and non-essential amino acid imbalances.
5. Lack of natural egg yolk color enhancing substances
In the submergence period, although layers are sometimes grazing in the wild, they cannot obtain green feed containing large amounts of chlorophyll, which affects the chroma of the yolk.
6. Poor environment
Some chicken houses do not have insulation facilities, resulting in low temperature inside the house; some are tightly sealed, poor ventilation, high humidity, increased concentrations of harmful gases, pathogenic microorganisms grow; some extensive management, continuous stress phenomena, etc., are caused by laying performance Low insecurity and increased disease causes.
Third, countermeasures
1. Increase lighting
Laying hens have a strong dependence on light. Due to the short natural lighting time in winter, artificial supplemental lighting is indispensable. The light should be gradually adjusted to the appropriate time according to the age of the chicken and the stage of laying, so that the light duration at the peak of the laying season can be maintained at 16 hours. Morning light or night light may be used in production, or a combination of both. But either way, it should be combined with feeding.
2. Scientific ingredients
Most of the eco-stocking chickens choose local chickens, which have strong adaptability and disease resistance and large amount of activity, but there is a big gap between the performance of laying eggs and modern chicken breeds. Therefore, the feed nutrient level should be flexible for the breed and production characteristics of the chicken. According to the author's many years of experiment and practical experience, Hebei recommended the formula for feeding nutrition for feedstuffs.
3. Increase the amount of feed
According to the temperature, the amount of activity of the chicken, the amount of free feed in the field, and the egg production rate of the chicken, the feed may be supplemented as appropriate. Some chicken farms see low egg production rates and limit the amount of feed. As a result, the less the feed is fed, the lower the egg production rate. According to the author's experience, due to the large amount of activity of the chickens in this feeding mode, the daily feeding amount of Hebei chaiji should be 10% to 15% higher than that of the caged medium-sized laying hens in the case of better winter insulation. In the case of poor insulation, the amount of feed supplements will increase.
4. Chicken house environmental control
In order to keep warm, most chicken farms adopt flat-keep flats and keep the house in a combined manner. That is, when the sun is facing the house, an arched plastic shed is built. According to the survey, most of the contradiction between insulation and ventilating ventilation and dehumidification, while the breeding density is too large, the feces can not be cleaned in time, creating problems for the improvement of egg production performance and disease control. Solving the above problems is an important measure to ensure the health and egg production rate of winter chickens is high and stable.
5. Scientific management
The management includes many contents and involves many aspects of egg production. But the most crucial issue should be putting stress prevention first. The transition from ecological stocking of layer chickens to captive breeding, and the combination of captive breeding and stocking, have changed from low-density hillside free activities to higher-density artificially controlled environmental activities. There must be a process of adaptation in the change of feeding and management methods, and changes in management procedures also require a certain transition period. It is important to keep in mind that layer chickens have neurotic animal characteristics and avoid stress factors.
In addition, the winter should be dominated by captivity, appropriate outdoor sports. On sunny morning, when the temperature rises, put the chicken at about 10 o'clock and return home at about 4 o'clock in the evening. Keep the chicken house clean and ventilate while putting the chicken. In case of bad weather or sudden drop in temperature, do not put chickens.
6. Nutritional regulation of egg quality
Under the condition of ecological stocking, the quality of eggs has been significantly improved. The main reason is that chickens have taken a lot of biologically active substances (such as insects, grass leaves, etc.) in the wild, combined with a healthy organism and a superior ecological environment. In order to improve the quality of eggs, the adoption of predominantly captive farming has changed the original living environment, and proper adjustments must be made in feeds. According to the author's experiment, the addition of a certain amount of substances rich in chlorophyll and fiber in the feed during the winter can deepen the color of the egg yolk, lower the cholesterol content, and increase the content of phospholipids.
7. Disease prevention
In the field of ecological stocking, due to the superior environment, low breeding density, fresh air, and feeding of many biologically active feeds, the chicken body is healthy and its disease resistance is enhanced. Therefore, common and infectious diseases are lower than cage chickens. However, after entering the winter and adopting captivity, the environment has undergone great changes: high density, high humidity, poor ventilation, lack of natural feed, and corresponding illnesses have come one after another. For example, respiratory diseases that rarely occur during stocking occur in some chicken farms; intestinal parasites are more serious; visceral Mareks appear sporadically (the disease is rare in stocking but occurs after winter captivity, and its mechanism remains to be studied). . Therefore, in addition to the injection of the relevant vaccine, the parasites should be regularly removed, and the improvement of the environment of the shed, the enhancement of ventilation and the reduction of humidity should be taken as an important part of management.
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