[Symptoms] The disease primarily affects the stem of the plant. Small, scattered brown or dark brown spots appear on the stems, with the surrounding tissue slightly sunken. These spots are irregular in shape and vary in size, ranging from a few millimeters to over 10 mm in diameter. In some cases, cork-like growths develop around the lesions. These small spots are actually young fruiting bodies of the pathogen.
[Pathogen and Pathogenesis] The causal agent is *Stenocarpella wrightii*, which belongs to the Ascomycota division. The pathogen survives the winter in infected plant parts or in the soil as mycelium or ascospores. It re-infects plants through ascospores that are dispersed by wind, rain, or insect activity. The spores typically enter the plant through stomata or directly through the epidermis. Wet or humid weather conditions, along with poor sanitation practices, significantly increase the risk of infection.
[Control Methods]
(1) For early-stage infections, affected areas can be carefully cut out using a sharp knife. The removed tissues should be collected and burned immediately. After removal, apply a sterilizing paste to the wound to prevent further spread. Copper oxychloride (similar to soft rot treatment), Bordeaux mixture, or 40% carbendazim + triadimefon (diluted 50–100 times) can also be used effectively.
(2) A thorough spraying treatment should be applied to the affected area and nearby plants. Use a diluted solution (600–1000 times) and spray evenly, repeating the process 2–3 times at intervals of 7–15 days. Ensure proper coverage before the disease spreads further. Alternating between different fungicides can improve effectiveness.
(3) Always use disease-free stem cuttings for propagation. In areas where the disease is common or when planting severely infected stems, it's essential to disinfect the cuttings first. Soak the stems in a 1000-fold dilution of 40% carbendazim + triadimefon wettable powder for 20–30 minutes. Alternatively, cover the stems with a plastic film and let them sit for 24 hours before drying. This helps reduce the risk of introducing the pathogen into new plantings.
By following these management strategies, growers can effectively control the spread of the disease and protect their crops from significant losses. Regular monitoring and prompt action are key to successful disease prevention.
Nootropic Products
In China, nervous system drugs are also one of the drugs with the most rapid sales growth in recent years. In 2002, nervous system drugs occupied 5.9% of the entire pharmaceutical market share, and the total sales amount increased by 9.4%.
With the increasing trend of urbanization and aging, the elderly population in China has exceeded 120 million, and the incidence of geriatric diseases, especially mental diseases, is increasing year by year. With the increase of residents' income, the elderly's requirements for quality of life also increase. As a result, the demand for drugs to treat mental illnesses such as Alzheimer's has soared. In WHO drug classification, psychotropic drugs and nootropic drugs are grouped into one class. We briefly analyzed the development trend of this class of drugs through the clinical drug use data collected from more than 300 domestic key hospitals by Chinese Pharmaceutical Association.
The overall market size of this class of drugs is about 1.22 billion yuan, the consumption sum increased by 5.0% in 2002, but the sales quantity increased by 11.2%. The main reason why the consumption sum did not increase with the sales quantity is that several main varieties of this class of drugs, such as piracetam, cobalt bin amide and ginkgo biloba leaf, etc. In 2002, the price of selling units fell sharply due to bidding. Among these drugs, ginkgo biloba preparation occupies the largest market share, accounting for more than 1/3 of the market share, ganglioside ester and cobalt bin amide combined also occupy nearly 1/3 of the market share, piracetam and other "sitan" drugs occupy nearly 10% of the market share, the rest of the drugs occupy less than 5% of the market share. At present, more than 20 ginkgo leaf production enterprises, piracetam production enterprises more than 70, have entered the stage of price competition, profit repeatedly diluted.
In the first-line varieties, except ginkgo biloba leaves preparation maintained vigorous vitality, the growth of other varieties were weak, especially the traditional variety piracetam suffered from bidding
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