Sunlight greenhouses and plastic greenhouses have become the most important vegetable production facilities in the northwestern region of China. Due to continuous cropping for many years, the soil barriers have become increasingly severe and the yield and quality have declined. Soilless cultivation is the fundamental method to solve this problem. However, the traditional nutrient solution type soilless cultivation has the problems of high cost and technical difficulty, which is difficult to popularize in our country's solar greenhouses and plastic greenhouses. “The Simple Organic Substrate Cultivation Technology for Vegetable Facilities†can overcome the harm of root-knot nematodes and has the advantages of simple technology, labor saving, cost reduction, sustainable use of substrates, high product quality, and high yield and high efficiency. It not only solves the problem of continuous cropping obstacles for facility vegetables. And it also overcomes the disadvantages of high cost and technical difficulty in conventional soilless cultivation. This technology makes full use of crop residues, rice husks, animal wastes from animal husbandry and other agricultural wastes, and forms organic substrates to develop vegetable production. Therefore, the promotion and application of this technology is of great significance for the development of ecological recycling agriculture and for the sustainable development of facilities for vegetables.
The technical points are as follows:
First, the cultivation tank
After leveling the ground of the facility soil, a slot with a width of 40 cm and a bottom width and height of 25 cm was cut at a slot pitch of 1.4 m. The cross-section was an isosceles trapezoid. The cultivation trough is divided into (1) open type: the cultivation matrix is ​​not isolated from the soil, and the trough can be covered with a plastic film, which is suitable for soils with light soils in common soils and continuous cropping obstacles. (2) Semi-isolated type: The two sides of the cultivation tank are separated from the soil by a plastic film, and the bottom culture substrate is in contact with the soil. It is suitable for soils with continuous heavy obstacles and can be normally produced in 15% of salinized soil. (3) Isolation: Also known as organic matrix type soilless cultivation, the plastic groove of the cultivation tank is completely isolated from the soil, and it is suitable for soil with very serious root-knot nematode. Isolation cultivation requires strict water management, and it is prone to inequality of droughts and floods. The growth period of fruit vegetables should not exceed 120 days. Otherwise, it is prone to premature aging, and it is suitable for cultivation in two seasons.
In general, the use of open cultivation is advocated. Heavily soiled continuous cropping obstacles can be used for semi-isolated cultivation. Only isolated soils with very severe root-knot nematodes are used.
Second, organic fertilizer
Organic substrate cultivation of nutrients mainly from organic fertilizers, some from chemical fertilizers. Organic manure can be adapted to local conditions using fully decomposed chicken, cattle, sheep, pig manure, or fermented dried particulate organic fertilizers. Fermented crop stalks (corn, wheat, etc.) can also be used. Livestock and poultry manure must be dried .
Third, cultivation matrix formula (volume ratio)
(1) Fermented rice hulls (husk manure): Decomposed chicken manure: River sand (or non-vegetable sandy loam) = 3:1:1
(2) Decomposed cow dung: Decomposed chicken manure: Fermented rice hull (husk manure): Hesha (or non-vegetable sandy loam) = 5:1:3:1
(3) Fermented corn or wheat straw: Fermented chicken manure: Hesha (or non-vegetable sandy loam) = 4:1:3.
(4) Fermented rice hulls (husk manure): Cow dung: Decomposed chicken manure: River sand (or non-vegetable sandy loam) = 2:1:1:1.
The surface of the new rice hull is easily fermented and can be mixed with a small amount of chicken droppings. After the wet spraying, the cover film is closed for 10 to 15 days and dried for use. Direct use of rice hulls will cause burning of seedlings due to a short-term exothermic fermentation. In formula (3), chicken manure may not be used in the formula if there is more chicken manure added during the fermentation of corn or wheat straw.
Fourth, water supply and fertilizer system
Using a drip irrigation system with excellent performance, a drip irrigation or drip irrigation tube is placed in each tank to keep the drip hole open. The drip irrigation can be linked with the matched fertilizer application to realize the integrated management of fertilizer and water. Topdressing fertilizers should use water-soluble fertilizers.
V. Variety selection and nursery
The tomato and cucumber varieties suitable for facility cultivation are selected and the seedling management is the same as conventional tomato and cucumber seedlings. It is best to order seedlings from a professional vegetable nursery factory.
Sixth, cultivation and management
1. Colonization (1) Autumn and winter cultivation: The time for colonization of tomato and cucumber in North China is in mid-late August. The tomato seedlings have 3 leaves and 1 heart, and the cucumber seedlings have two leaves and one heart (the nursery plant and Miaoling are one leaf and one heart). The substrate was thoroughly watered for 3 to 4 days prior to colonization to allow the substrate to be fully wetted. Plant two rows per trough and the planting density is generally 3000/mu. (2) Winter and spring cultivation: The planting time in North China is from about the end of January to the end of February. Tomato seedlings can be planted (intercropping) in the trough before autumn and winter cultivation in order to strive for high yield and high efficiency, but the tomato should be pulled as soon as possible. Cucumber seedlings can be planted after the last planting.
2. Topdressing If the above formulation matrix is ​​used, the target yields of cucumber and tomato are set at 15000 kg/mu. The entire growth period requires only 6 to 7 top dressings at the beginning and full fruit stages, and the total amount of tomato top dressing is equivalent to urea. (N) 30 kg/mu and equivalent to potassium sulfate 60 kg/mu. The total amount of cucumber dressing is equivalent to about 45 kg/667 cubic meters of urea (N) and about 80 kg/mu of potassium sulfate. Must use easily dissolved fertilization.
The trace elements in the formula matrix are adequate and generally do not suffer from nutrient deficiency symptoms. However, when the matrix or groundwater is too alkaline, some trace elements are difficult to be absorbed by the plants. Especially when the seedlings are small, physiological barriers may occur. ~2 times chelated trace element compound fertilizer. The principle of moisture management is to keep the relative moisture content of the matrix at around 80%. (3) Cultivation in autumn and winter: After the fruit is set on tomato and cucumber, the first topdressing is performed using nitrogen: phosphorus pentaoxide: potassium oxide is 10:10:30 compound fertilizer. In October, 3 doses of 3.5 kg/mu were applied and in November and December, 2 doses of 7 kg/mu were applied. (4) Winter and spring cultivation: Tomatoes and cucumbers were topdressed for the first time after dressing, using nitrogen: phosphorus pentoxide: potassium oxide was 10:10:30 compound fertilizer. In February, it was applied at a rate of 7 kg/mu. In the month of March, it was applied twice, each time at 5 kg/mu. In April and May, it is applied 3 times a month, 3.5 kg/mu each time. Each top dressing should be combined with watering.
3, watering temperature is low in winter, soil and crop transpiration is small, watering should not be too frequent, usually 20 to 25 days watered once, the relative moisture content of the cultivation matrix to maintain 75% better. With the increase of temperature, the transpiration of soil and crops gradually increased, and the amount of watering should increase. It should be watered 10 times in autumn and spring, once in summer for 7 days, and the relative water content of cultivation substrate should be maintained at 80%. .
4. Wenguang manages the winter and spring seasons with low temperature and weak light weather. Try to ensure that the night temperature is not lower than 10°C, and that extreme cold weather should not be lower than 5°C. Under the premise of not lowering the temperature of greenhouses, try to receive as much sunlight as possible. “Insulation and contending for light†is the principle of deep-season holiday light greenhouse vegetable management.
In spring and autumn, the nighttime temperature is above 15°C and during the day is 25~30°C.
5, plants to adjust the organic substrate cultivation of strong tomato growth, should be promptly hiccups, the use of single stem pruning method, the average fruit per ear 4, 6 ~ 7 spike after the heart, timely removal of old leaves and falling vines. Cucumber should also be adjusted in time for plants, keep 12 to 13 leaves in winter, maintain 15 to 16 leaves in spring, summer and autumn, remove old leaves and lateral branches and put vines in time.
VII. Pest Control
Soil-borne diseases are less likely to occur in organic substrate cultivation. At the same time, environmental conditions can be regulated and reduced. However, in the later period, the prevention and control of diseases in the aboveground areas should also be strengthened.
1. Root knot nematode colonization 10 to 15 days later, with 5% avermectin emulsion (1000 ml/mu) root can effectively control.
2. Aphids and whitefly were smoked with 25% isoprocarb (carbamate insecticide) smoke agent 600 g/mu.
Eight, matrix disinfection and reuse
In the summer months, decomposed chicken manure and 30 kg/mu of calcium cyanamide can be added to the old matrix: decomposed chicken manure (air-dried and chopped) at a ratio of 10:1 in the cultivation tank and mixed thoroughly with the old matrix. Drench the water, cover the plastic film, and seal the greenhouse for 10 to 15 days. After disinfecting, remove the plastic film from the cultivation tank and re-sink the substrate for 5-7 days to allow the next cultivation.
Nine, matters needing attention
The organic materials contained in the cultivation matrix must be completely fermented, otherwise the high temperature produced by the field fermentation will harm the crop (burnt root).
Increased production and efficiency: On May 28, 2009, the inspection and acceptance by Shandong Agricultural University was carried out. The output of winter tomatoes in greenhouses reached 19712.1 kg/mu. On June 5th, 2010, the Institute of Vegetables and Flowers of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences and Shandong Agricultural University organized a test and acceptance test to reuse the old substrate that had been cultivated with three pods of tomato. The yield of tomato in the solar greenhouse in early spring still reached 11999.6 kg/mu. The control of sunlight greenhouse soil (serious consolidation) increased the yield by 76.3%.
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