1. Properties of Soybean Meal and Fermented Soybean Meal (1) Characteristics of Soybean Meal Soybean meal is a by-product derived from soy bean oil. According to the different extraction methods, it can be divided into a dip soy bean dip and a dip soy bean dip: the by-product obtained by extracting soybean oil by extraction is a dip soy bean meal; the by-product after oil extraction after pressing and extraction is called dip dip dip. The dipping bean pods have advanced production technology and high protein content. They are the main products circulating on the domestic and foreign spot markets and have the following characteristics: 1 Physical properties. Light yellow to light brown, dark color indicates overheating, too light indicates insufficient heating. The color of the whole batch of soybean meal should be basically the same; it has a roasted soybean flavor, no odor such as rancidity, mildew, eschar, etc., and no raw soybean odor; uniform fluidity, irregular fragment, powder or granular, not excessive Impurities. 2 chemical composition. Soybean meal contains about 43% protein, 2.5% to 3.0% lysine, 0.6% to 0.7% tryptophan, 0.5% to 0.7% methionine, 0.5% to 0.8% cystine, 0.2mg/kg to 0.4 carotene Mg/kg, Flux 3 mg/kg to 6 mg/kg, Riboflavin 3 mg/kg to 6 mg/kg, Niacin 15 mg/kg to 30 mg/kg, Choline 2200 mg/kg to 2800 mg/kg. The lack of methionine in soybean meal, crude fiber mainly from the skin, no nitrogen extracts, B vitamins and starch content is low, mineral content is small.
(2) Characteristics of Fermented Soybean Meal Fermented Soybean Meal Fermented Soybean Meal Fermented Soybean Meal Fermented Soybean Meal Fermented Soybean Meal Fermented Soybean Meal Its main components are proteins and carbohydrates. Feeding soybean meal is generally a high-temperature soybean meal. Protein denaturation is relatively severe, and its solubility is poor. It affects the digestion of proteins. It also contains certain anti-nutritive factors and flatulence factors. These are particularly important for livestock and poultry, especially for pups. Adverse. However, due to the large amount of soy protein, the price is relatively low compared to fish meal, and it is the main source of protein in the feed ratio. At present, there are still five better alternatives. Therefore, it is a practical and feasible method to improve soybean meal, improve its digestibility, and reduce its anti-nutritional factors. Fermentation of soybean meal is one of the improved methods. Fermented soybean meal has the following advantages: 1 It improves the solubility of soybean protein and facilitates digestion. 2 It reduces the molecular weight of protein in soybean meal. Some of them have reached the level of small peptides or even amino acids, and can be directly absorbed by animals. 3 Fermented soybean meal has a certain degree of The aromatic odor and umami taste have a certain role in attracting food and good palatability; 4 Some polysaccharide molecules in soybean pods are also decomposed during the fermentation process, which is also beneficial for animal digestion, especially for some flatulence factors. Degraded by microorganisms in the fermentation, which is beyond the reach of other processes.
2. The processing of soybean meal and fermented soybean meal (1) The general processing procedure of soybean meal The soybean oil factory purchases soybeans → removes impurities → crushes → warms up and adjusts the moisture content → presses the tablets and continues to adjust the moisture → solubilizing spray to quench soybean oil → Desolvent → Soybean meal production.
In the processing of soybean meal, temperature control is the most important step. Excessively high or low temperature can affect the protein content of soybean meal and directly affect the quality of soybean meal and its effect. Depending on whether or not soy seed coats are added during baking, pods can be divided into skinned pods and dehulled pods, the main difference being the difference in protein levels.
(2) General processing procedures for fermented soybean meal Soybean meal mix with water → cooking → inoculation → fermentation and after-ripening → drying → milling → packaging.
The main equipment includes mixers, cooking pots, fermenters, fluidized drying beds, crushers and packaging machines.
The index requirements of fermented soybean meal: The KOH solubility of protein in fermented soybean meal is more than 95%; the polysaccharide can also be dissolved; the odor and taste and palatability are good, and there is no bean odor.
For soybean meal for feed, the main effect of fermentation is to make full use of the protein components and reduce the anti-nutritional factors. The effect of different strains of fermentation is not the same. The strains to be used must have the following advantages: (1) The strains are cheap, easy to operate, and easy to make; (2) The strains have a strong vitality, they are easy to form growth advantages, resist the breeding of other unfavorable bacteria, the fermentation conditions are extensive, and facilities investment is saved; The 3 strains have high enzyme activity to decompose proteins, and can rapidly decompose soybean protein into small-molecule proteins. The bacteria also have abundant enzymes that break down polysaccharides such as starch and fiber, and also decompose anti-nutritional factors therein, increasing the Which digestibility and utilization of carbohydrates.
Soybean meal fermentation technology selects and confirms the degree of fermentation. The degree of fermentation is not as deep as possible, but it takes into account the cost issue. Under the premise of ensuring good results, reduce the amount of water as much as possible to reduce the cost of drying. The fermentation temperature and time used should also consider the relationship between effect and cost.
3. Utilization of Soybean Meal and Fermented Soybean Meal Soybean meal is one of the most widely used types of bean meal. The demand for soybean meal is mainly concentrated in the husbandry and feed processing industries for the production of feed for livestock and poultry. Food processing industry, paper industry, paint industry, pharmaceutical industry and other industries also have a certain demand for soybean meal, which is used to make cakes and foods. Food and cosmetics and antibiotic raw materials.
About 85% of soybean meal is used for the rearing of poultry and pigs. The rich variety of amino acids in soybean meal is good for nutrient intake in poultry and pigs. Tests have shown that without additional animal protein, only the amino acids contained in soybean meal are sufficient to balance the diet of poultry and pigs, thereby promoting nutrient absorption. Fermented soybean meal has a wider range of uses. Not only can pig feed material be available, but also livestock and poultry of other ages can be used. Aquaculture feed can replace 50% of fish meal, which has low cost and good effect. It is a practical technology that can be widely promoted. .
In pig feeding, soybean meal is the main protein feed for pigs, and animal protein is sometimes added as an additional protein additive, but overall, soybean meal has been maximally utilized. Feeding piglets, feeding animal protein feedstuffs such as fishmeal and vitamins is very beneficial to the growth of piglets.
In the feeding of chickens, soybean meal is also a good protein feed for laying hens. If the soybean meal resources are sufficient, animal protein feeds (such as fishmeal) can be fed less, or even not fed, to reduce feed costs. However, for chickens and breeders, appropriate amounts of fishmeal should also be fed.
In dairy cows, delicious, easy-to-digest pods increase milk yield. In the rearing of beef cattle, soybean meal is also one of the most important oilseed meal. However, in the breeding process of cattle, high quality soybean meal is not required in some cases, and the same feeding effect can be achieved with other anthraquinones. Since ruminants can use non-protein nitrogen such as urea, they can be considered to be fed less or not. Soybean meal to facilitate lower feed costs.
In recent years, soybean meal has also been widely used in aquaculture. Due to over-fishing and other reasons, resulting in reduced fishmeal production and supply shortages have kept fish meal prices high, soy meal with high protein content has begun to replace fishmeal and is playing an increasingly important role in the aquaculture industry. Fish protein digestibility of soybean meal is quite high (96% of salmon, 75% of rainbow trout, 84% of American salmon). Adding proper amount of lysine and methionine can increase its utilization efficiency.
In addition, pods are also used to make pet foods. Simple foods made from corn, soybean meal and high animal protein have the same value for pets. An experiment conducted by the University of Illinois at the United States showed that soybean meal has the same high protein as pork but does not contain low sugar saccharides that affect nutrient digestion. Zhao Weijun from: "Processing of agricultural products" 2006.11
(2) Characteristics of Fermented Soybean Meal Fermented Soybean Meal Fermented Soybean Meal Fermented Soybean Meal Fermented Soybean Meal Fermented Soybean Meal Fermented Soybean Meal Its main components are proteins and carbohydrates. Feeding soybean meal is generally a high-temperature soybean meal. Protein denaturation is relatively severe, and its solubility is poor. It affects the digestion of proteins. It also contains certain anti-nutritive factors and flatulence factors. These are particularly important for livestock and poultry, especially for pups. Adverse. However, due to the large amount of soy protein, the price is relatively low compared to fish meal, and it is the main source of protein in the feed ratio. At present, there are still five better alternatives. Therefore, it is a practical and feasible method to improve soybean meal, improve its digestibility, and reduce its anti-nutritional factors. Fermentation of soybean meal is one of the improved methods. Fermented soybean meal has the following advantages: 1 It improves the solubility of soybean protein and facilitates digestion. 2 It reduces the molecular weight of protein in soybean meal. Some of them have reached the level of small peptides or even amino acids, and can be directly absorbed by animals. 3 Fermented soybean meal has a certain degree of The aromatic odor and umami taste have a certain role in attracting food and good palatability; 4 Some polysaccharide molecules in soybean pods are also decomposed during the fermentation process, which is also beneficial for animal digestion, especially for some flatulence factors. Degraded by microorganisms in the fermentation, which is beyond the reach of other processes.
2. The processing of soybean meal and fermented soybean meal (1) The general processing procedure of soybean meal The soybean oil factory purchases soybeans → removes impurities → crushes → warms up and adjusts the moisture content → presses the tablets and continues to adjust the moisture → solubilizing spray to quench soybean oil → Desolvent → Soybean meal production.
In the processing of soybean meal, temperature control is the most important step. Excessively high or low temperature can affect the protein content of soybean meal and directly affect the quality of soybean meal and its effect. Depending on whether or not soy seed coats are added during baking, pods can be divided into skinned pods and dehulled pods, the main difference being the difference in protein levels.
(2) General processing procedures for fermented soybean meal Soybean meal mix with water → cooking → inoculation → fermentation and after-ripening → drying → milling → packaging.
The main equipment includes mixers, cooking pots, fermenters, fluidized drying beds, crushers and packaging machines.
The index requirements of fermented soybean meal: The KOH solubility of protein in fermented soybean meal is more than 95%; the polysaccharide can also be dissolved; the odor and taste and palatability are good, and there is no bean odor.
For soybean meal for feed, the main effect of fermentation is to make full use of the protein components and reduce the anti-nutritional factors. The effect of different strains of fermentation is not the same. The strains to be used must have the following advantages: (1) The strains are cheap, easy to operate, and easy to make; (2) The strains have a strong vitality, they are easy to form growth advantages, resist the breeding of other unfavorable bacteria, the fermentation conditions are extensive, and facilities investment is saved; The 3 strains have high enzyme activity to decompose proteins, and can rapidly decompose soybean protein into small-molecule proteins. The bacteria also have abundant enzymes that break down polysaccharides such as starch and fiber, and also decompose anti-nutritional factors therein, increasing the Which digestibility and utilization of carbohydrates.
Soybean meal fermentation technology selects and confirms the degree of fermentation. The degree of fermentation is not as deep as possible, but it takes into account the cost issue. Under the premise of ensuring good results, reduce the amount of water as much as possible to reduce the cost of drying. The fermentation temperature and time used should also consider the relationship between effect and cost.
3. Utilization of Soybean Meal and Fermented Soybean Meal Soybean meal is one of the most widely used types of bean meal. The demand for soybean meal is mainly concentrated in the husbandry and feed processing industries for the production of feed for livestock and poultry. Food processing industry, paper industry, paint industry, pharmaceutical industry and other industries also have a certain demand for soybean meal, which is used to make cakes and foods. Food and cosmetics and antibiotic raw materials.
About 85% of soybean meal is used for the rearing of poultry and pigs. The rich variety of amino acids in soybean meal is good for nutrient intake in poultry and pigs. Tests have shown that without additional animal protein, only the amino acids contained in soybean meal are sufficient to balance the diet of poultry and pigs, thereby promoting nutrient absorption. Fermented soybean meal has a wider range of uses. Not only can pig feed material be available, but also livestock and poultry of other ages can be used. Aquaculture feed can replace 50% of fish meal, which has low cost and good effect. It is a practical technology that can be widely promoted. .
In pig feeding, soybean meal is the main protein feed for pigs, and animal protein is sometimes added as an additional protein additive, but overall, soybean meal has been maximally utilized. Feeding piglets, feeding animal protein feedstuffs such as fishmeal and vitamins is very beneficial to the growth of piglets.
In the feeding of chickens, soybean meal is also a good protein feed for laying hens. If the soybean meal resources are sufficient, animal protein feeds (such as fishmeal) can be fed less, or even not fed, to reduce feed costs. However, for chickens and breeders, appropriate amounts of fishmeal should also be fed.
In dairy cows, delicious, easy-to-digest pods increase milk yield. In the rearing of beef cattle, soybean meal is also one of the most important oilseed meal. However, in the breeding process of cattle, high quality soybean meal is not required in some cases, and the same feeding effect can be achieved with other anthraquinones. Since ruminants can use non-protein nitrogen such as urea, they can be considered to be fed less or not. Soybean meal to facilitate lower feed costs.
In recent years, soybean meal has also been widely used in aquaculture. Due to over-fishing and other reasons, resulting in reduced fishmeal production and supply shortages have kept fish meal prices high, soy meal with high protein content has begun to replace fishmeal and is playing an increasingly important role in the aquaculture industry. Fish protein digestibility of soybean meal is quite high (96% of salmon, 75% of rainbow trout, 84% of American salmon). Adding proper amount of lysine and methionine can increase its utilization efficiency.
In addition, pods are also used to make pet foods. Simple foods made from corn, soybean meal and high animal protein have the same value for pets. An experiment conducted by the University of Illinois at the United States showed that soybean meal has the same high protein as pork but does not contain low sugar saccharides that affect nutrient digestion. Zhao Weijun from: "Processing of agricultural products" 2006.11
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