Formation process
Stalactites are formed by the deposition of calcium carbonate and other minerals. Limestone is a type of calcium carbonate rock that is decomposed by water containing carbon dioxide to produce a calcium bicarbonate solution. The chemical equation for this reaction is:
CaCO3(s) + H2O(l) + CO2(aq) → Ca(HCO3)2(aq)
The water solution runs down the rock until it reaches the edge. If the rock is at the top of the cave, the water will drip. When the solution comes in contact with air, a reversed chemical reaction occurs and calcium carbonate precipitates. The reversed chemical equation is:
Ca(HCO3)2(aq) → CaCO3(s) + H2O(l) + CO2(aq)
The average annual growth rate of stalactites is 0.13 mm. The fast-growing stalactite water solution is often rich in calcium carbonate and carbon dioxide, and flows very quickly. This stalactite can grow by 3 mm per year.
Each stalactite begins with a droplet of mineral water. When the water drops, it leaves a very thin calcite ring. The next drops of water continue to leave new calcite rings. Ultimately, these calcite rings form a very thin (0.5 mm) hollow tube, commonly known as a "soda tube." Soda can grow long, but it is very fragile. If they are blocked because of debris, water will flow from the outside and precipitate more calcite to form a cone-shaped stalactite. In the same way, falling droplets precipitate more calcite after reaching the ground, eventually forming round or conical stalagmites. Unlike stalactites, there is no hollow "soda tube" during the formation of stalagmites. If time is long enough, stalactites and stalagmites will fuse together and become pillars.
Vitamins are a type of trace organic substances that humans and animals must obtain from food in order to maintain normal physiological functions. In terms of physiological functions, vitamins are neither a raw material for tissues nor a substance for supplying energy, but they are an indispensable substance for the body. It has many types and different chemical structures. Most of them are the components of the coenzyme (or prosthetic group) of certain enzymes. They are the indispensable compounds for maintaining the normal growth (growth, health, reproduction and production function) of the body. It plays a catalytic role in the body to promote the synthesis and degradation of major nutrients (proteins, fats, carbohydrates, etc.), thereby controlling metabolism. Vitamins are essentially low-molecular organic compounds. They cannot be synthesized in the body, or the amount synthesized is difficult to meet the needs of the body, so they must be supplied from the outside. The daily requirement of vitamins is very small (usually measured in milligrams or micrograms). They are neither a raw material for body tissues nor a substance for energy supply in the body. However, they do not regulate material metabolism, promote growth and development, and maintain physiological functions.
Vitamin K2 MK-7, Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Vitamin K2, Vitamin H, Vitamin D3
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