Due to the frequent and unexpected occurrence of late frost in recent years, it has caused great harm to fruit tree production. Although we cannot control the changes in natural temperature, the following measures can effectively avoid and reduce the damage caused by frost damage to fruit trees.
1. Pay attention to weather changes and raise awareness of prevention.
Frost damage of fruit trees is mainly due to prevention. The cold and frequent changes in the spring in northern China are the climatic phenomena that occur every year. Therefore, it is necessary to set up their own temperature and ground temperature observation records in the park as much as possible, and pay attention to the weather at any time. Changes and weather forecasts, especially each year before fruit trees germinate, on the basis of understanding the long-term weather forecast of the local meteorological department, pay close attention to the short-term weather forecast during the flowering period, predict the time and intensity of frost occurrence, and take emergency preventive measures as soon as possible.
2. Create a microclimate environment that will help grow fruit trees.
The first is to choose an appropriate micro-climate environment to build the park. The correct selection of the site is an effective anti-freezing measure in the orchard. If the park should choose the leeward or sunny south or southeast slope, avoid constructing the park in low-lying land and closed valley. The second is to create protective forest belts in the main wind direction of the orchards. Sheltered forests can effectively prevent winds and increase the temperature in the early spring to prevent frost.
3. Emergency anti-frost measures.
3.1 smoke smoke frost. Smoke method is currently the most widely used method. The book "Qi Min Yao Shu", a great agricultural book, summarizes the experiences of the orchards in preventing frost damage: "It is often pre-arranged in the orchards, and it will store odorous grass, raw manure, and fresh weather in the rain. At this time, you will set fire to your safety, and you will be able to use it to ensure that the persimmon will be extracted at about 2°C. The square meters are 5-6 piles and evenly distributed in all directions.The grass pile is 1.5 meters high and the bottom diameter is 1.5-1.7 meters.When the grass is piled in, insert a few thick wooden sticks obliquely, and then pull out the holes for the ventilation holes. The fuel is placed in the interior of the haystack by a hole, and a layer of wet grass or wet mud is covered on the outside of the haystack so that the amount of smoke is sufficient and lasts for a long time.The smoked smoke material can be used as straw, weeds, fallen leaves, etc. Combustible material or fuming agent (3 parts ammonium nitrate, 8 to 10 parts sawdust, 3 parts diesel fuel well mixed).
3.2 Irrigation and whitening in early spring. In areas where there is frequent occurrence of night frost, use early spring irrigation, tree whitening and other measures to reduce the temperature and temperature of trees, delay germination and flowering, and avoid frost damage.
3.3 Orchard irrigation and water spray before frost. Orchard irrigation not only increases the soil moisture content, but also increases the heat capacity and thermal conductivity of the soil. During the daytime, the temperature decreases and the nighttime temperature increases. The air close to the ground will not be hot and cold, and it will have a strong temperature change. Regulation. Therefore, before the occurrence of low temperature, orchard irrigation can prevent and reduce the risk of frost. According to observations, the temperature of the tree body after irrigation can be 1 to 2°C higher than that of no irrigation at night. Crown water spray, the water will form ice condensation, release latent heat, can increase the temperature, ease frost damage.
3.4 Spray chemical and fertilizer before flowering. Pre-harvest spray 2116, phytoalexin 863 antagonizers and other plant cell membrane stabilizers and polyphenols and other amino acid series of film fertilizer, increase the toughness of the cell membrane and improve the cold resistance of the tree. Spraying potassium dihydrogen phosphate, calcium amino acid, borax, etc. at the early flowering stage can increase the cell liquid concentration of flowers, young fruits and shoots, enhance the antifreeze ability, and simultaneously have the effect of fertilization.
4. Strengthen cultivation and management, improve tree resistance.
4.1 Select varieties with strong resistance to low temperature. In general, late-maturing varieties are more resistant to freezing, and those that have the ability to produce flower buds are also more resistant to freezing.
4.2 Reasonable load. Excessive load will not only reduce the quality, and will not be able to sell at a good price. It will also result in immature or poor mature fruit trees, thin and empty, and extremely cold-resistant.
4.3 Scientific fertilization. In general, no matter whether the seedlings were planted in the same year or as a result garden, partial nitrogen fertilizers should be avoided in early spring to prevent overgrowth. Phosphorus and potassium fertilizers should be added, and lime, potassium sulfate, and growth inhibitors should be sprayed on the leaves to promote full shoot buds and control autumn. The shoots are formed or prosperous; organic fertilizers are added after fruit harvesting to increase tree vigor and nutrient accumulation and improve antifreeze capacity.
4.4 Strengthen pruning. To strengthen the pruning of the growing season, such as the growth of grape shoots particularly strong, if not topping, can grow indefinitely, until the fall, this new shoot is not full, very cold. In order to prevent freezing, it is also a good harvest for the following year. It is necessary to timely and repeatedly pick hearts on new shoots of grapes so as to cultivate new shoots with large and thick leaves, full shoots, and mature shoots.
4.5 Pest control. Pests and diseases seriously affect the maturity of mature shoots and the quality of branches and leaves. Comprehensive prevention and control are essential for prevention and control so that tree production can accumulate more photosynthetic products, increase tree vigor, and increase resistance.
5. Innovative cultivation mode.
With the frequent damage of late frost, the scale of facility cultivation should be increased for some tree species with higher output value and suitable facilities for cultivation, such as big cherry, peach, plum, apricot, grape, etc., so as to increase the output value and avoid late frost effectively. The hazards.
In addition, the orchards adopt new technologies such as grass, grass cover, and sprinkling irrigation, which are also more effective in reducing the harm of late frost.
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