China is one of the countries with the largest amount of chemical fertilizers and pesticides in the world. Relevant investigations have shown that the low utilization rate and high wastage rate of chemical fertilizers not only lead to farmland soil pollution, but also cause organic pollution, eutrophication pollution, and even groundwater pollution and air pollution through farmland runoff.
First, chemical fertilizer pollution to the environment
The average utilization rate of chemical fertilizers in China is only 30% to 35%. Every year, a large number of fertilizers enter the water body, causing serious pollution to the environment and causing serious damage to the water body, soil, atmosphere, biology and human health.
1. Contamination of rivers, lakes and groundwater sources: nitrogen from the runoff into the surface water accounts for 51% of the nitrogen released into the water by human activities. Ammonia nitrogen and nitrates are major pollutants in the waters of rivers and lakes, and eutrophication is increasingly serious. At the same time, it causes groundwater pollution.
2. Threats to near-sea creatures: The loss of large amounts of nitrogen fertilizer provides a rich nitrogen nutrient condition for the rapid proliferation of "red tide organisms" and has become one of the main triggering factors of red tides.
3. Influencing human health: When people or animals consume large amounts of nitrate-containing plants, they cause methemoglobinemia, causing behavioral-response disorders, decreased work ability, dizziness, loss of consciousness, and serious life threats. Drinking water and foods contain more than a certain amount of nitrate, which can be very poisonous when eaten.
4. Destruction of soil structure: Long-term large-scale use of nitrogen fertilizers, especially large-scale application of ammonium fertilizers, gradually acidifies the soil, resulting in severe consolidation. Some long-term large-scale application of nitrogenous fertilizers in tropical farmland instead of organic fertilizers resulted in serious soil compaction and eventually lost agricultural farming value.
Second, pesticide pollution to the environment
Once pesticides enter the environment, their toxicity and high residual properties will react, causing serious pollution of the atmosphere, water and soil.
1. Pesticides Contaminate the Atmosphere: Pesticide particles and vapors are emitted in the air, drifting with the wind and contaminating the world. In particular, DDT, in addition to its chemical stability and physical dispersibility, DDT also has a unique fluidity that can co-evaporate with water vapor everywhere and pollute the entire biosphere.
2. Pollution of pesticides on water bodies: Pollution of water bodies by pesticides is also very common. About 1.5 million tons of DDT are produced worldwide, of which about 1 million tons still remain in seawater.
3. Pesticide contamination of the soil: mainly due to the fact that about half of the pharmaceutical agents are found in the soil during their use. Because the pesticide itself is not easily decomposed by sunlight and microorganisms, it is stable to acid and heat, hardly volatile and hardly soluble in water, so the residual time is very long, and the residual soils are more persistent to clay and organic soils. These accumulated pesticides will also play a role for a long time.
III. Prevention and Control of Environmental Pollution by Chemical Fertilizers and Pesticides
1. Control of environmental pollution by chemical fertilizers
1 scientific application of potash. Appropriate application of potash fertilizer should be based on local conditions, consider a variety of factors and combined with nitrogen, phosphate fertilizer and trace fertilizer.
2 scientific application of phosphate fertilizers. Phosphorus fertilizers have two characteristics after they are applied to the soil: one is that the mobility in the soil is very small, the moving radius is more than 0.5 to 1 cm, and the second is that it is easily fixed by divalent cations in the soil. This results in difficulties in the absorption and utilization of crop roots and reduces the fertilizer efficiency.
3 extensive application of organic fertilizers. Organic matter is the main source of crop nutrients, and it is also the source of various trace elements required by crops. Organic matter is the source of crop carbon nutrition, which mainly depends on the carbon dioxide produced by soil microorganisms to decompose the organic matter to meet the needs of crop growth. In addition, it can also promote the activities of soil beneficial microorganisms. And can form a soil pellet structure, improve soil water, fertilizer and buffer capacity.
4 Actively promote microbial fertilizers. Organic substances in the soil, as well as manure, human waste, and green manure, etc., many nutrients cannot be absorbed and utilized before they are not decomposed, and they must be decomposed by microorganisms to become soluble substances before they can be used by crops.
5 Actively promote waste composting. The generation of waste compost and waste compound fertilizer not only processes urban waste and prevents pollution, but also produces high-quality organic fertilizer that can meet the needs of agriculture, and has positive social and economic benefits.
2. Pesticides prevent and control environmental pollution
1 Ways to prevent pesticide contamination. To adopt a comprehensive prevention and control approach to study new ways to kill insects; to do a good job in the evaluation of pesticide safety and the development of safe use standards; to use existing pesticides safely and reasonably; to develop highly efficient, low-toxic, low-residue pesticides.
2 The rational use of existing pesticides. First of all, it is necessary to investigate and study the causes and conditions of various pests and diseases so that they can predict and forecast the disease and treat the disease. Followed by mixed and alternating use of different pesticides to prevent drug resistance and protect natural enemies of pests; also pay attention to improving the performance of pesticides and improve some of the disadvantages of pesticides in use.
3 Strengthen biological control and promote pollution-free pesticides.
The use of pests' natural enemies to treat pests is an effective method of biological control. This method is economic and simple, without the disadvantages of chemical pesticides polluting the environment. Looking for soil microorganisms that can decompose long-lasting pesticides, most of the pesticides that fall into the soil will be quickly decomposed, which is extremely advantageous for eliminating environmental pollution.
First, chemical fertilizer pollution to the environment
The average utilization rate of chemical fertilizers in China is only 30% to 35%. Every year, a large number of fertilizers enter the water body, causing serious pollution to the environment and causing serious damage to the water body, soil, atmosphere, biology and human health.
1. Contamination of rivers, lakes and groundwater sources: nitrogen from the runoff into the surface water accounts for 51% of the nitrogen released into the water by human activities. Ammonia nitrogen and nitrates are major pollutants in the waters of rivers and lakes, and eutrophication is increasingly serious. At the same time, it causes groundwater pollution.
2. Threats to near-sea creatures: The loss of large amounts of nitrogen fertilizer provides a rich nitrogen nutrient condition for the rapid proliferation of "red tide organisms" and has become one of the main triggering factors of red tides.
3. Influencing human health: When people or animals consume large amounts of nitrate-containing plants, they cause methemoglobinemia, causing behavioral-response disorders, decreased work ability, dizziness, loss of consciousness, and serious life threats. Drinking water and foods contain more than a certain amount of nitrate, which can be very poisonous when eaten.
4. Destruction of soil structure: Long-term large-scale use of nitrogen fertilizers, especially large-scale application of ammonium fertilizers, gradually acidifies the soil, resulting in severe consolidation. Some long-term large-scale application of nitrogenous fertilizers in tropical farmland instead of organic fertilizers resulted in serious soil compaction and eventually lost agricultural farming value.
Second, pesticide pollution to the environment
Once pesticides enter the environment, their toxicity and high residual properties will react, causing serious pollution of the atmosphere, water and soil.
1. Pesticides Contaminate the Atmosphere: Pesticide particles and vapors are emitted in the air, drifting with the wind and contaminating the world. In particular, DDT, in addition to its chemical stability and physical dispersibility, DDT also has a unique fluidity that can co-evaporate with water vapor everywhere and pollute the entire biosphere.
2. Pollution of pesticides on water bodies: Pollution of water bodies by pesticides is also very common. About 1.5 million tons of DDT are produced worldwide, of which about 1 million tons still remain in seawater.
3. Pesticide contamination of the soil: mainly due to the fact that about half of the pharmaceutical agents are found in the soil during their use. Because the pesticide itself is not easily decomposed by sunlight and microorganisms, it is stable to acid and heat, hardly volatile and hardly soluble in water, so the residual time is very long, and the residual soils are more persistent to clay and organic soils. These accumulated pesticides will also play a role for a long time.
III. Prevention and Control of Environmental Pollution by Chemical Fertilizers and Pesticides
1. Control of environmental pollution by chemical fertilizers
1 scientific application of potash. Appropriate application of potash fertilizer should be based on local conditions, consider a variety of factors and combined with nitrogen, phosphate fertilizer and trace fertilizer.
2 scientific application of phosphate fertilizers. Phosphorus fertilizers have two characteristics after they are applied to the soil: one is that the mobility in the soil is very small, the moving radius is more than 0.5 to 1 cm, and the second is that it is easily fixed by divalent cations in the soil. This results in difficulties in the absorption and utilization of crop roots and reduces the fertilizer efficiency.
3 extensive application of organic fertilizers. Organic matter is the main source of crop nutrients, and it is also the source of various trace elements required by crops. Organic matter is the source of crop carbon nutrition, which mainly depends on the carbon dioxide produced by soil microorganisms to decompose the organic matter to meet the needs of crop growth. In addition, it can also promote the activities of soil beneficial microorganisms. And can form a soil pellet structure, improve soil water, fertilizer and buffer capacity.
4 Actively promote microbial fertilizers. Organic substances in the soil, as well as manure, human waste, and green manure, etc., many nutrients cannot be absorbed and utilized before they are not decomposed, and they must be decomposed by microorganisms to become soluble substances before they can be used by crops.
5 Actively promote waste composting. The generation of waste compost and waste compound fertilizer not only processes urban waste and prevents pollution, but also produces high-quality organic fertilizer that can meet the needs of agriculture, and has positive social and economic benefits.
2. Pesticides prevent and control environmental pollution
1 Ways to prevent pesticide contamination. To adopt a comprehensive prevention and control approach to study new ways to kill insects; to do a good job in the evaluation of pesticide safety and the development of safe use standards; to use existing pesticides safely and reasonably; to develop highly efficient, low-toxic, low-residue pesticides.
2 The rational use of existing pesticides. First of all, it is necessary to investigate and study the causes and conditions of various pests and diseases so that they can predict and forecast the disease and treat the disease. Followed by mixed and alternating use of different pesticides to prevent drug resistance and protect natural enemies of pests; also pay attention to improving the performance of pesticides and improve some of the disadvantages of pesticides in use.
3 Strengthen biological control and promote pollution-free pesticides.
The use of pests' natural enemies to treat pests is an effective method of biological control. This method is economic and simple, without the disadvantages of chemical pesticides polluting the environment. Looking for soil microorganisms that can decompose long-lasting pesticides, most of the pesticides that fall into the soil will be quickly decomposed, which is extremely advantageous for eliminating environmental pollution.
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