China's straws of various types of crops are very abundant, but they are mostly used as fuels, industrial papermaking raw materials or returning fertilizers. The utilization efficiency is very low. This is not only a waste of resources but also causes environmental and social problems together. With the development of animal husbandry in China, feed resources are becoming increasingly tense. Therefore, the development and utilization of straw feeds to develop herbivorous and grain-saving livestock husbandry can not only save feed resources, but also form a virtuous circle of agriculture.
1 Nutritional characteristics of straw
The crop straws that can be used as feed in China mainly include wheat straw, corn stalks, rice straw, and cereal straw. Due to its variety, harvest period, etc., its nutritional value may be different, but it has the characteristics of common nutrition: crude protein, crude fat, low mineral content, and lack of vitamin A, D, E, etc. necessary for animal growth. Mineral elements such as cobalt, copper, sulfur, selenium, and iodine, but high levels of crude fiber (including cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, and small amounts of pectin). Causes the animal to have a small feed intake and low digestibility. This is because cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin in the straw cell wall are tightly bound together, which limits the digestion of cell walls and cell contents by digestive enzymes. Lignin is the main factor affecting digestion, followed by silicates. It can seriously affect the degradation of sugars in the rumen, so if it can improve the digestibility of cell wall components, such as the destruction of tissue structure, reduce the crystallinity of fiber components, improve the molecular structure and remove the lignin, silicate that hinders digestion In addition, the use of straw as a feed can be greatly improved.
At present, there are three types of straw treatment methods: 1 physical treatment methods, including shortening, kneading, rolling, soaking, rolling, cooking, thermal spraying, granulation. Irradiation, etc., The treated straw can be directly fed to livestock, can increase feed intake and digestibility to a certain extent, and is mostly the premise and basis for other treatment methods. (2) Chemical treatment methods, including alkalization and amination, in which alkalization causes the destruction of raw protein and vitamins and is not widely used in straw; ammoniated straw can cause ammonia poisoning in animals, when ammonia concentration reaches 15% to 28%, It is prone to explosions, and it competes with agriculture when it competes with each other. The waste of ammonia is large and the efficiency is poor. This causes animals to experience anomalies such as madness, poisoning, and similar behaviors, causing toxins in beef and milk to affect human health. Therefore, the application prospect of this kind of method is doubtful. 3 biological treatment method, its essence is the use of certain microorganisms to deal with straw feed. Including silage, micro-storage, bacteria, enzymatic hydrolysis, among which the most successful silage, the most widely used. The research on micro-storage has been increasing. The feeding effect is very good and represents the future direction of development.
2 biological treatment of straw
2. l Silage: Silage is the fresh barley fodder crop, pasture, weeds, corn straw after harvesting seeds and various vines, etc., shredded, packed and compacted in a silo (tower), sealed and microbially fermented The effect is modulated to have a special smell and good palatability. Nutritious, juicy, and shelf-stable, feed that can be used for livestock throughout the year. It is used more in some developed countries such as Europe and North America.
The principle of silage: Using the life activities of microorganisms such as lactic acid bacteria attached to silage materials, the anaerobic respiration converts the carbohydrates (mainly sugars) in the raw materials into organic acids (mainly lactic acid), improves the acidity, and reaches pH Around 4.0, it can inhibit the growth and reproduction of harmful bacteria (such as spoilage bacteria, butyric acid bacteria, etc.) and the activity of mold, prevent the nutrients in raw materials from being further decomposed or consumed, and thus it can well save the nutrients in the raw materials. To minimize the loss of nutrients.
In order to achieve the desired effect of silage, to maintain or even increase the nutritional value of feed, silage additives came into being, so that more silage raw materials can be used as silage. Now commonly used silage additives are the following categories: 1 additives to improve fermentation, mainly inorganic acid additives, such as sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, phosphoric acid and other nitric acid additives such as formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid and acid, can inhibit the respiration of plants Role, reduce fever and nutrient loss, quickly reduce pH, inhibit bacteria. 2Nutritional additives, mainly non-protein nitrogen (such as urea, ammonia-type ammonia fertilizer, and various organic and inorganic acid salts of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers) and limestone, copper sulfate, zinc sulfate, manganese sulfate, cobalt chloride Such inorganic minerals that are insufficient to supplement minerals in silage. 3 additives to promote fermentation, there are lactic acid bacteria preparations, mainly L-type bacteria; enzyme preparations, such as amylase, cellulase. Hemicellulase, pectinase, papain, etc. can not only effectively decompose cellulose and other non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) into oligosaccharides, glucose and other substances for use by bacteria such as lactic acid bacteria, but more importantly, along with plants. The overflow of cell wall disintegrating cell contents such as powder, soluble carbohydrates (WSC), protein, and oils and fats has greatly increased the nutritional value of silage; there is also molasses, salt and so on. 4 anti-corrosion additives, formaldehyde, sulfurous acid, acrylic acid, benzoic acid, sodium nitrite, sodium metabisulfite, sodium nitrate, sodium formate, etc., conducive to the preservation of silage, to prevent deterioration. In practical applications, several additives are usually used together to maximize the effect.
2.2 Micro-storage: The essence of micro-storage is to add human living organisms that have been cultivated using modern biological techniques in crop straws. After dissolving and reviving, they are blended into salt water with a concentration of 1% and then sprayed. On the short raw materials, the microorganisms grow and multiply under anaerobic conditions, decompose the lignin and cellulose in the straw, convert the sugars into acids, increase the content of B vitamins and carotene in the straw feed, and suppress The breeding of harmful microorganisms results in a soft, palatable, sweet, nutritious feed. Fu Weimin et al. (1996) reported that after straw storage treatment, the feed speed of cattle and sheep can be increased by 40% to 43%, and feed intake can be increased by 20% to 40%. This method has less investment, is easy to operate, and has a wide range of sources of raw materials and is safe and non-toxic when not competing for agriculture. The advantages of less pollution, high efficiency, long-term preservation, etc., have become the straw-feed modulation technologies with the most potential and development prospects at present.
Bacteria have long been considered as the main microorganisms in the rumen that degrade plant cell walls. It was later discovered that fungi also have the effect of degrading plant cell walls, thereby opening up methods for fungal treatment. The white rot fungus (WHITE ROTFUNGI) is currently researched abroad. It belongs to the phylum Basidiomycetes, including Polyporus umbellatus. There are more than 200 strains such as Puccinia rugosa, funnel-shaped Pleurotus ostreatus, and powdered P. falciparum. It can decompose all plant polymers and degrade lignin. The principle is: under appropriate conditions, the bacteria of white rot fungi first dissolve the wax on the surface of the straw with the super-fibre oxidase they secrete, and then the hyphae enters the straw. Internally and utilizing the cellulases, hemicellulases, endo- and exo-glycanases produced therefrom, the lignin and cellulose components in the straw are degraded, so that the straw becomes sweet and palatable and easy to digest and absorb.
The white-rot fungi treatment of straw is not selective to the substrate, and multiple fungi interact with each other with little interaction (VUARY, 1987). Better white-rot fungi can increase the digestibility of the straw by 35% to 40%. During processing, it should be noted that in solid fermentation, gas exchange of cultures is one of the important factors affecting the degradation of straw by white rot fungi. The ratio of solid phase to liquid phase in the premix determines the gas exchange star. The optimum ratio of solid to liquid phase is 3:1. If the water content is too high or too low, the growth of white rot fungi will be prevented; the gas in the culture medium Penetration and diffusion also affect the fermentation process, which removes volatiles and gas metabolites from fungal metabolism. High concentrations of gas metabolites can affect the growth of fungi; The growth of bad bacteria promotes the growth of white rot fungi.
The white rot fungi treatment of straw has high requirements on the composition, activity, purity of the bacteria, and the tightness of the fermentation vessel. People are trying to sub-select the bacteria that interact with white rot fungi and inhibit the bacteria and bacteria that can decompose lignin with high efficiency and low energy consumption. If there are breakthrough results, it will have a big development for our grass-eating livestock.
2.3 Bacteria: Straw straw is mainly used to break down the fiber in the straw, reduce the crude fiber content, improve the utilization of crude fiber by livestock, and use urease in edible fungi to add urea and other non-protein Nitrogen is converted into bacterial protein, and the content of protein in feed is added to form a high-quality biological feed for livestock feeding. There are many microorganisms that can be used as a bacteria source, such as yeast, lactic acid bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes, photosynthetic bacteria, edible fungi, etc., which are ubiquitous in nature and have strong vitality, and the conditions for processing straw are not harsh, and Easy to operate, low investment, high efficiency. Studies have shown that this method has a good palatability of straw, so that the weight gain of the test group cattle is significantly higher than that of the control group fed ordinary straw, and the quality of the straw feed after treatment also has health benefits.
2.4 Other biological methods: Liu Xiaohong et al (1999) used a biochemical and bioactive compound preparation (biochemical culture agent). The fermented straw did not contain artificial cultured strains, and the bacterial mass was increased by the proliferation of natural beneficial bacteria. Protein, inhibit the growth of bacteria, degrade crude fiber, greatly improve the effective nutrient and biological value of straw. The treated straw protein was increased by 2.5%-3.5%, crude fiber was reduced by 12%-16%, and the beef cattle's weight gain and feed-to-meat ratio were significantly increased. Fu Liansheng (1998) reported that feeding dairy cows with high active fiber enzymes can reduce the excreta discharge by 30%, and increase the intake of roughage by 10%-15%. Chen Sanyou (1998) added 0.3% fiber compound enzymes (cellulase, CL, CX, ββ-glucosidase, hemicellulase, pectinase, protease, etc.) to beef cattle concentrates, resulting in beef cattle. Feed intake for ammoniated straw reached the same level as ammoniated straw. Lu Qingping et al. (1999) used chicken manure and lees to treat straw, completely eliminated the original taste of chicken manure, and improved the degradation rate of straw DM, CP, and NDF, and improved straw utilization performance. This method not only opens up feed resources, improves the utilization of straw, but also solves the problem that chicken manure is not easy to store. The effective use of chicken manure, but the high concentration of ammonia in the process and safety issues are worthy of attention.
In recent years, EM technology has been used to treat stalks. EM is a compound micro-organism. It uses the fermented stalk feed produced by it to feed livestock, which reduces the odor of feces, and also promotes growth and improves meat quality.
3 Conclusion: In the use of biological treatment of straw should pay attention to the following issues: 1 full understanding of the straw feed nutrient-limiting factors, regardless of the method used to treat the straw can only be used for ruminants. 2 The use of a variety of methods to treat straw, any single method is not effective, such as shredding silage is a combination of physical and biological treatment, the access of microorganisms in silage is a combination of silage and microbial treatment, which method is used It should be based on specific circumstances. If you can add nutrients when feeding, the effect will be good. 3 The modulation of straw feed must be combined with the regulation of the ruminant rumen. 4 also consider the economic benefits, to minimize the cost of straw treatment.
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