In recent years, plastic greenhouses, solar greenhouses, small arch shelters, and plastic film cover have developed rapidly, and the area of ​​protected areas has developed rapidly. Therefore, the management of protected soils has become a new topic in agricultural production.
The material conversion process and the dynamics of salt and water in the protected land are different from those in the field. Therefore, there are certain differences between the soil management technology and open cultivation. We should implement corresponding technical measures in accordance with the characteristics of the protected land.
Rational fertilization
Appropriate application of chemical fertilizers is the key to the management of cultivated soil in protected areas, including determining the amount of economical fertilizer, selecting suitable fertilizer types, determining the appropriate fertilization period, fertilizing methods, and so on.
To determine the amount of fertilization to meet crop demand, it should be calculated based on the level of yield and soil fertility (eg, when soil nutrient supply of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium can meet crop needs, to ensure the intensity of fertilizer supply, 20 %-40% of the amount of fertilizer.) The current level of fertility should be controlled by nitrogen, phosphorus reduction, potassium stabilization, targeted fertilizer application of fertilizer principles.
The selection of fertilizer varieties should be based on the nature of the fertilizer and crop reflection, generally not suitable for the use of chlorine-type fertilizers, and should not use volatile nitrogen fertilizer varieties, try to control the fertilization of nitrate nitrogen fertilizer.
The period of crop growth and the harvested parts should be taken into account in determining the fertilization period. For crops with a short growing period or harvested with roots, stems and leaves, 1/2-1/3 of nitrogen fertilizer, total phosphorus, potassium, and trace fertilizers can be used as base fertilizers, and 1/2-1/3 of nitrogen fertilizers can be used. Fertilizer is applied in divided periods of growth. For fruits and vegetables, 1/3 nitrogen fertilizer, 2/3 phosphorus potassium fertilizer and all micro-fertilizers can be used as basal fertilizer, and 2/3 of nitrogen fertilizer and 1/3 of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer can be used as top-dressing for vegetative growth (mainly nitrogen fertilizer) and Reproductive growth (nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium) is applied at different times during the peak period. If the salt content is between 0.2% and 0.3%, it is not appropriate to use chemical fertilizer as base fertilizer.
The method of application is according to the method of crop application, such as spreading, ditching, hole application, and water application.
Under normal circumstances, solar greenhouses and plastic greenhouses are often over-fertilized and no natural precipitation is showered, resulting in increasing salt concentrations in the soil. Standardized fertilization is an effective way to prevent greenhouse salt accumulation. According to the data at home and abroad, it is known that crops such as tomatoes and cucumbers grown in protected areas absorb 11.5 kilograms of nitrogen under the condition of 10,000 kilograms per mu, and the nitrogen use rate must not exceed 23 kilograms, and nitrogen should not exceed 23 kilograms. In kilograms, with a utilization rate of 20%, 3O kg of phosphorus should be applied; and 21 kg of potassium oxide should be absorbed. Because of the strong potassium supply from the soil, the amount of potassium needed can be equal to the amount of potassium needed. Vegetable yield in greenhouses or greenhouses is often higher than 10,000 kilos, so the amount of fertilizer can be increased as appropriate. However, if vegetables are replanted on the original protected land, the residual effect of the original crop fertilization should be taken into consideration, and excessive fertilization should not be allowed. The choice of fertilizer is also very important for the prevention and control of high salinity, and as far as possible, fertilizers containing by-products such as sulfate and chloride ions should not be used or used less. Ammonium nitrogen fertilizer and amide nitrogen fertilizer are the main factors causing soil salinity. Therefore, the amount of nitrogen fertilizer in the base fertilizer should not be too large. It is appropriate to use a small amount of ground facilities during the plant growth period. If you make granules or coated fertilizer, the amount of base fertilizer can also be slightly larger. The vegetables are nitric nitrogen fertilizers, but if the soil temperature is low during the seedling stage, and the nitrification is not easy to perform, the nitrate fertilizer should be used less in the seed fertilizer. Vegetables are also special calcium substances, calcium, magnesium phosphate fertilizer, calcium superphosphate can be used to supplement the calcium in the soil. If fruits and vegetables show calcium deficiency and cause ammonium poisoning, calcium nitride solution can be applied by spraying at a concentration of 0.01M.
In order to prevent ammonia and nitrous acid gas poisoning, the application of organic fertilizers should pay attention to maturity, especially chicken manure, the degree of maturity should be high, and should be applied in advance. It is forbidden to pile up organic fertilizers in the shed for a long time so as not to evaporate ammonia gas and pollute the air.
In order to avoid the harm of high salinity, organic fertilizers can be applied in combination with inorganic fertilizers. If some inorganic fertilizers are extracted for foliar spraying, it is more economical. Tests have shown that the cover film soil must be applied to the base fertilizer. Fertilizers are formulated with fast-acting, slow-acting or slow-acting fertilizers, and organic-inorganic combinations are good. The whole-layer fertilizer application effect is better than that of the deep-seated application. The fertilizer can be applied to the surface of the plough layer at one time, and then the fertilizer and the plough layer can be mixed by deep ploughing. It is more difficult to top-coat after coating, if the crops with shorter growth periods are cultivated, the amount of base fertilizer is larger, and the ratio of fertilizers is reasonable, no fertilizer may be top-dressed, or a suitable amount of extra-root topdressing may be performed.
Through deep plowing combined with organic fertilizer application, the physical and chemical properties of the soil can be improved. The method is to select the good quality organic fertilizer to be applied as the basal fertilizer about 1 month before the cover shed. The application amount is generally 1-1.5 times that of the field, that is, 3000-10000 kg/mu, and deep plough year by year, thickening the tillage layer, Do soil blending.
Rational irrigation
Different crops have different soil moisture requirements. Crops with lighter roots, such as cucumbers, peppers, broccoli, celery, lettuce, etc., prefer moist soils. The number and frequency of irrigation should be appropriately increased; roots with deeper soil such as watermelon, melon, gourd, tomato, Zucchini and other drought-tolerant, should minimize the amount of irrigation and irrigation times.
Different growth periods have different requirements for soil moisture. The water absorption capacity of the root system at the seedling stage is weak, and the soil moisture is required to be high. The rooting stage needs to control the water seedlings to promote rooting; during the peak period, the wetted crops must be watered frequently and the surface soil moisture must be maintained. Keep at about 85%; for drought-resistant crops, this period should not be excessive water supply.
In plastic greenhouses, how to determine the appropriate irrigation time, irrigation temperature, irrigation volume and irrigation method is the key to achieve reasonable irrigation. Greenhouse Irrigation water, the water temperature is maintained at 2O °C -25 °C is appropriate, more than 28 °C will damage the crop roots, causing greenhouse crop diseases. The frequency of irrigation in the greenhouse should be frequent, but the amount of water can not be excessive. Different crops and the same crop have different water requirements at different stages of their development. The daily water consumption of vegetables in general is 1 mm in winter, 2-4 mm in spring and autumn, and 4-5 mm in summer. According to the conditions of ventilation, ground temperature, and ground temperature, the actual records should be recorded. After analysis, the irrigation index can be determined.
At present, most of the greenhouses use furrow irrigation, but the furrow irrigation method will cause soil compaction, rapid increase in air humidity and other ills. The most promising is the drip irrigation method. Because drip irrigation is capillary water, cultivating can be done without cultivating, and labor and water can be saved. At the same time, the humidity in the greenhouse is low, the occurrence of diseases can be reduced, and the amount of water can be automatically controlled to apply chemical fertilizer. Film mulching cultivation also requires timely and adequate irrigation. In the middle of growing crops, the leaves increase, and the transpiration and water consumption of the crop increase. If the water is not irrigated in time, the less covered ones are more vulnerable to drought. Therefore, irrigation at a reasonable and timely time is the key to prevent the premature decline of the filmed crops.
In addition, for lands that have been salted, organic fertilizers can be applied through the selection of salt-tolerant vegetable crops such as Ganlan, spinach, squash, celery, cauliflower, etc. It is also a very effective method to remove soil salt or fill fields with soil.
Rational rotation
Rotation refers to the cyclic planting of different types of crops within a certain period of time on the same piece of cultivated land. Because it has many direct and indirect benefits, it has been used for many centuries and is still in use today. The reason is that crop rotation is a scientific cultivation system that can reasonably use soil fertility to prevent diseases, insects and grasses, improve soil physical properties and achieve sustainable development.
Rotate vegetables with the same serious pests and diseases. By changing and planting vegetables of different nature, pests and diseases can be lost and the damage can be mitigated. In Sichuan, paddy and dry rotations are generally used, which can effectively control the occurrence of bacterial wilt and blight, as well as the damage of various underground pests.
The rotation of vegetables with deeper roots and shallow roots, or with a greater difference in nutrient requirements, is used. Such as deep-rooted eggplant, melons, beans, and rooted leafy vegetables, onion and garlic rotation, the need for more nitrogen leafy vegetables and the need for phosphorus, potassium fertilizer more root and stem vegetables for rotation. The rotation of shallow root crops and deep root crops can make crop roots act like manual or mechanical ripping (sometimes called “biological†tillage), which is more important in no-till and less tillage practices. It is important to increase the moisture permeability. Cucumbers, celery, and spinach, which are fast-sucking, are the best varieties of tomatoes, eggplants, and peppers that respond well to organic fertilizers.
The vegetables that have different secretions are selected for rotation and the types and varieties that promote or interact with each other. For example, if vegetables and vegetables are used in the production of vegetables such as leeks and garlic, the incidence of diseases can be greatly reduced.
Select different crops for soil acidity and alkali requirements for crop rotation. It is also possible to kill a large number of pests by applying quicklime or gypsum to adjust the pH of the soil and then selecting suitable varieties for planting. Potatoes, kale, etc. will increase soil acidity, and corn, squash, etc. will reduce the acidity of the soil. Therefore, after planting corn and pumpkin, high-yield onions sensitive to acidity can be obtained, and potato and cabbage can be re-planted to be acid-sensitive. Onions are cut back.
Note that different vegetables have different inhibitory effects on weeds. Some vegetables that grow rapidly or have high cultivation density, long growth period, and large leaf coverage on the ground, such as melons, cabbages, beans, potatoes, etc., have obvious inhibitory effects on weeds; and carrots, celery, onions, etc. Slow-growing, leafy vegetables, easy to breed weeds. The rotation of these vegetables can significantly reduce grass damage.
Chengdu Kunshan Mu Mu City Vegetable Special Technical Guidance Jiang Huishan
The material conversion process and the dynamics of salt and water in the protected land are different from those in the field. Therefore, there are certain differences between the soil management technology and open cultivation. We should implement corresponding technical measures in accordance with the characteristics of the protected land.
Rational fertilization
Appropriate application of chemical fertilizers is the key to the management of cultivated soil in protected areas, including determining the amount of economical fertilizer, selecting suitable fertilizer types, determining the appropriate fertilization period, fertilizing methods, and so on.
To determine the amount of fertilization to meet crop demand, it should be calculated based on the level of yield and soil fertility (eg, when soil nutrient supply of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium can meet crop needs, to ensure the intensity of fertilizer supply, 20 %-40% of the amount of fertilizer.) The current level of fertility should be controlled by nitrogen, phosphorus reduction, potassium stabilization, targeted fertilizer application of fertilizer principles.
The selection of fertilizer varieties should be based on the nature of the fertilizer and crop reflection, generally not suitable for the use of chlorine-type fertilizers, and should not use volatile nitrogen fertilizer varieties, try to control the fertilization of nitrate nitrogen fertilizer.
The period of crop growth and the harvested parts should be taken into account in determining the fertilization period. For crops with a short growing period or harvested with roots, stems and leaves, 1/2-1/3 of nitrogen fertilizer, total phosphorus, potassium, and trace fertilizers can be used as base fertilizers, and 1/2-1/3 of nitrogen fertilizers can be used. Fertilizer is applied in divided periods of growth. For fruits and vegetables, 1/3 nitrogen fertilizer, 2/3 phosphorus potassium fertilizer and all micro-fertilizers can be used as basal fertilizer, and 2/3 of nitrogen fertilizer and 1/3 of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer can be used as top-dressing for vegetative growth (mainly nitrogen fertilizer) and Reproductive growth (nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium) is applied at different times during the peak period. If the salt content is between 0.2% and 0.3%, it is not appropriate to use chemical fertilizer as base fertilizer.
The method of application is according to the method of crop application, such as spreading, ditching, hole application, and water application.
Under normal circumstances, solar greenhouses and plastic greenhouses are often over-fertilized and no natural precipitation is showered, resulting in increasing salt concentrations in the soil. Standardized fertilization is an effective way to prevent greenhouse salt accumulation. According to the data at home and abroad, it is known that crops such as tomatoes and cucumbers grown in protected areas absorb 11.5 kilograms of nitrogen under the condition of 10,000 kilograms per mu, and the nitrogen use rate must not exceed 23 kilograms, and nitrogen should not exceed 23 kilograms. In kilograms, with a utilization rate of 20%, 3O kg of phosphorus should be applied; and 21 kg of potassium oxide should be absorbed. Because of the strong potassium supply from the soil, the amount of potassium needed can be equal to the amount of potassium needed. Vegetable yield in greenhouses or greenhouses is often higher than 10,000 kilos, so the amount of fertilizer can be increased as appropriate. However, if vegetables are replanted on the original protected land, the residual effect of the original crop fertilization should be taken into consideration, and excessive fertilization should not be allowed. The choice of fertilizer is also very important for the prevention and control of high salinity, and as far as possible, fertilizers containing by-products such as sulfate and chloride ions should not be used or used less. Ammonium nitrogen fertilizer and amide nitrogen fertilizer are the main factors causing soil salinity. Therefore, the amount of nitrogen fertilizer in the base fertilizer should not be too large. It is appropriate to use a small amount of ground facilities during the plant growth period. If you make granules or coated fertilizer, the amount of base fertilizer can also be slightly larger. The vegetables are nitric nitrogen fertilizers, but if the soil temperature is low during the seedling stage, and the nitrification is not easy to perform, the nitrate fertilizer should be used less in the seed fertilizer. Vegetables are also special calcium substances, calcium, magnesium phosphate fertilizer, calcium superphosphate can be used to supplement the calcium in the soil. If fruits and vegetables show calcium deficiency and cause ammonium poisoning, calcium nitride solution can be applied by spraying at a concentration of 0.01M.
In order to prevent ammonia and nitrous acid gas poisoning, the application of organic fertilizers should pay attention to maturity, especially chicken manure, the degree of maturity should be high, and should be applied in advance. It is forbidden to pile up organic fertilizers in the shed for a long time so as not to evaporate ammonia gas and pollute the air.
In order to avoid the harm of high salinity, organic fertilizers can be applied in combination with inorganic fertilizers. If some inorganic fertilizers are extracted for foliar spraying, it is more economical. Tests have shown that the cover film soil must be applied to the base fertilizer. Fertilizers are formulated with fast-acting, slow-acting or slow-acting fertilizers, and organic-inorganic combinations are good. The whole-layer fertilizer application effect is better than that of the deep-seated application. The fertilizer can be applied to the surface of the plough layer at one time, and then the fertilizer and the plough layer can be mixed by deep ploughing. It is more difficult to top-coat after coating, if the crops with shorter growth periods are cultivated, the amount of base fertilizer is larger, and the ratio of fertilizers is reasonable, no fertilizer may be top-dressed, or a suitable amount of extra-root topdressing may be performed.
Through deep plowing combined with organic fertilizer application, the physical and chemical properties of the soil can be improved. The method is to select the good quality organic fertilizer to be applied as the basal fertilizer about 1 month before the cover shed. The application amount is generally 1-1.5 times that of the field, that is, 3000-10000 kg/mu, and deep plough year by year, thickening the tillage layer, Do soil blending.
Rational irrigation
Different crops have different soil moisture requirements. Crops with lighter roots, such as cucumbers, peppers, broccoli, celery, lettuce, etc., prefer moist soils. The number and frequency of irrigation should be appropriately increased; roots with deeper soil such as watermelon, melon, gourd, tomato, Zucchini and other drought-tolerant, should minimize the amount of irrigation and irrigation times.
Different growth periods have different requirements for soil moisture. The water absorption capacity of the root system at the seedling stage is weak, and the soil moisture is required to be high. The rooting stage needs to control the water seedlings to promote rooting; during the peak period, the wetted crops must be watered frequently and the surface soil moisture must be maintained. Keep at about 85%; for drought-resistant crops, this period should not be excessive water supply.
In plastic greenhouses, how to determine the appropriate irrigation time, irrigation temperature, irrigation volume and irrigation method is the key to achieve reasonable irrigation. Greenhouse Irrigation water, the water temperature is maintained at 2O °C -25 °C is appropriate, more than 28 °C will damage the crop roots, causing greenhouse crop diseases. The frequency of irrigation in the greenhouse should be frequent, but the amount of water can not be excessive. Different crops and the same crop have different water requirements at different stages of their development. The daily water consumption of vegetables in general is 1 mm in winter, 2-4 mm in spring and autumn, and 4-5 mm in summer. According to the conditions of ventilation, ground temperature, and ground temperature, the actual records should be recorded. After analysis, the irrigation index can be determined.
At present, most of the greenhouses use furrow irrigation, but the furrow irrigation method will cause soil compaction, rapid increase in air humidity and other ills. The most promising is the drip irrigation method. Because drip irrigation is capillary water, cultivating can be done without cultivating, and labor and water can be saved. At the same time, the humidity in the greenhouse is low, the occurrence of diseases can be reduced, and the amount of water can be automatically controlled to apply chemical fertilizer. Film mulching cultivation also requires timely and adequate irrigation. In the middle of growing crops, the leaves increase, and the transpiration and water consumption of the crop increase. If the water is not irrigated in time, the less covered ones are more vulnerable to drought. Therefore, irrigation at a reasonable and timely time is the key to prevent the premature decline of the filmed crops.
In addition, for lands that have been salted, organic fertilizers can be applied through the selection of salt-tolerant vegetable crops such as Ganlan, spinach, squash, celery, cauliflower, etc. It is also a very effective method to remove soil salt or fill fields with soil.
Rational rotation
Rotation refers to the cyclic planting of different types of crops within a certain period of time on the same piece of cultivated land. Because it has many direct and indirect benefits, it has been used for many centuries and is still in use today. The reason is that crop rotation is a scientific cultivation system that can reasonably use soil fertility to prevent diseases, insects and grasses, improve soil physical properties and achieve sustainable development.
Rotate vegetables with the same serious pests and diseases. By changing and planting vegetables of different nature, pests and diseases can be lost and the damage can be mitigated. In Sichuan, paddy and dry rotations are generally used, which can effectively control the occurrence of bacterial wilt and blight, as well as the damage of various underground pests.
The rotation of vegetables with deeper roots and shallow roots, or with a greater difference in nutrient requirements, is used. Such as deep-rooted eggplant, melons, beans, and rooted leafy vegetables, onion and garlic rotation, the need for more nitrogen leafy vegetables and the need for phosphorus, potassium fertilizer more root and stem vegetables for rotation. The rotation of shallow root crops and deep root crops can make crop roots act like manual or mechanical ripping (sometimes called “biological†tillage), which is more important in no-till and less tillage practices. It is important to increase the moisture permeability. Cucumbers, celery, and spinach, which are fast-sucking, are the best varieties of tomatoes, eggplants, and peppers that respond well to organic fertilizers.
The vegetables that have different secretions are selected for rotation and the types and varieties that promote or interact with each other. For example, if vegetables and vegetables are used in the production of vegetables such as leeks and garlic, the incidence of diseases can be greatly reduced.
Select different crops for soil acidity and alkali requirements for crop rotation. It is also possible to kill a large number of pests by applying quicklime or gypsum to adjust the pH of the soil and then selecting suitable varieties for planting. Potatoes, kale, etc. will increase soil acidity, and corn, squash, etc. will reduce the acidity of the soil. Therefore, after planting corn and pumpkin, high-yield onions sensitive to acidity can be obtained, and potato and cabbage can be re-planted to be acid-sensitive. Onions are cut back.
Note that different vegetables have different inhibitory effects on weeds. Some vegetables that grow rapidly or have high cultivation density, long growth period, and large leaf coverage on the ground, such as melons, cabbages, beans, potatoes, etc., have obvious inhibitory effects on weeds; and carrots, celery, onions, etc. Slow-growing, leafy vegetables, easy to breed weeds. The rotation of these vegetables can significantly reduce grass damage.
Chengdu Kunshan Mu Mu City Vegetable Special Technical Guidance Jiang Huishan
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