Management characteristics The cultivation and management of juvenile trees refers to the management of mango seedlings from the time of colonization to flowering. The time is usually 3 years. The juvenile tree stage is mainly the stage of vegetative growth. The level of management during this period of time directly affects the period of entering the flowering result. With a high level of management, it takes only 2 years from planting to flowering. Low management level, no colonization for 3-4 years. The characteristics of cultivation and management of young mango trees can be summarized as follows:
1 High standard and standardized planting: including the selection of good quality, disease-free and robust seedlings and suitable planting period, density and planting techniques.
2 Proper plastic pruning: The pruning of the young mango tree is mainly to cultivate a good tree shape from a young age, using the method of picking the top to weaken the apical dominance, promote the branching, make the young tree form quickly, and achieve an ideal flowering tree shape earlier.
3 Scientific water and fertilizer management and soil management: In addition to the cold period at the end of winter and early spring, young mango trees can grow almost all year round. Therefore, soil and water and fertilizer management directly affect the vegetative growth of juvenile trees.
The soil management scion must be collected from a pure, non-serious pest mother tree. Conditional nurseries shall have a scion nursery for the use of scion. When scion is adopted, the last tip shoots that are sunny, pest free, thick, and well-aged should be selected on the periphery of the crown. Branches and shaded branches that are flowering, fruiting, or fruiting, should not be used for scion. Scion cutting leaves after harvesting, and bandage, marking, timely grafting, generally not more than 2 days, if you want to graft after 3 days, it must be stored. The simplest and most effective storage method is to bundle the scion, cover it with fresh moss, wrap it with a plastic film, and uncover both ends for ventilation. According to experiments, this method can store scion for more than 20 days, and the survival rate of grafting is not affected.
Fertilizer management Fertilizers for young mango trees mainly promote vegetative growth. In addition to the low temperature stage of winter and early spring, mango saplings can be used to shoot new shoots almost all year round. The annual amount of shoots can reach 6-7 times. The growth volume is large, and the demand for nutrient elements is also large.
1 fertilization period: sapling fertilization period, can be divided into 4-6 times according to the number of shoots. The basal fertilizer is generally sufficient before planting, and no fertilizer is applied in the first year after planting. If basal deficiency is insufficient, the first fertilization should be at least after the first new shoots of newly planted trees turn green and mature. The fertilization of saplings is carried out according to the principle of “a small number of times, diligence and thin applicationâ€. It is applied once every 12 months and fertilized 5-6 times a year; The shoot fertilizer is applied before germination to promote bud sprouting and hair growth of new shoots; it stops growing at the shoots. When the leaf color begins to turn green, the shoot fertilizer is applied to enhance the leaf color to green and the branches are thickened.
2 fertilization amount; young mango trees young roots, fibrous roots are not developed, the number of small, delicate. The shallow distribution is very sensitive to the high temperature and drought of the soil and the concentration of fertilizer, so the amount of fertilizer should not be too large. For 1-3 year old trees, 30-70 kg organic fertilizer per plant per year (low number for the first year and high number for the third year. Same below), superphosphate and calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer 0.5-1.5 kg ( Must be mixed with organic fertilizer), urea 0.18 to 0.5 dry grams. Potassium fertilizer 0.15 to 0.45 kg, can also be used nitrogen-phosphorus and potassium; 15-15-15 compound fertilizer 0.5 to 1.5 kg. It is also possible to start new shoots after saplings are planted and survived, and use thin, decomposed fecal water or 0.5% urea plus potassium fertilizer or compound fertilizer to topically apply fertilizer. Urea with potassium dihydrogen phosphate 0.3% to 0.5%. Spraying before 10 o'clock in the morning or after 4 o'clock in the next year to promote shoot photosynthesis and leaf photosynthesis. Pay attention to excessively high concentration or excessive sunlight, which can easily cause burns to young leaves and leaves in severe cases.
3 fertilization method: mango young tree roots shallow distribution range is not large, shallow Shi is appropriate. With the increase of the age of the trees, the expansion of the roots, the scope and depth of fertilization will also be deepened year by year to meet the growing needs of fruit trees for fertilizer. Fertilization methods mainly include soil fertilization and extra-root fertilizer. One year after planting, saplings were fertilized. Carefully pry the soil from the tree trays before applying. Spread the fertilizer evenly over the tree trays 20 cm away from the tree head, and then pour the water until the fertilizers completely penetrate the soil and cover the soil. The 2-3-year-old saplings after planting can be circular fertilization and extra-root fertilizer. Circular fertilization is done by digging a ring-shaped furrow slightly outside the canopy. The application of foliar fertilizers outside the roots is foliar spraying, which is simple and easy to use, uses less fertilizer, has a rapid effect, and is not affected by the nutrient distribution center. It can meet the urgent needs of trees in time and can prevent certain elements from being chemically introduced into the soil. Fixed or biological fixation. When dressing fertilizers outside the roots, be sure to pay attention to the concentration of fertilizer and time, otherwise it will cause burns to the young leaves.
Water Management Drainage and irrigation of orchards not only affects the growth results of the year, but also affects the growth status of fruit trees in the coming year. Over time, it also affects the life span of fruit trees. Therefore, water is an important factor in the robust growth of fruit trees, high yield and stable production, and high yield and longevity year after year. To give full play to the impact of water on mango trees, timely irrigation and drainage must be carried out to meet the requirements of fruit tree production and development. Mango saplings have a large annual demand for water. Newly planted saplings have shallow roots and underdeveloped main roots. The demand for water can only rely on irrigation. The method of irrigation is to cover the topsoil of pine tree trays first, and then to fill the water. Then cover with a layer of loose soil. The harm to the fruit trees caused by poor drainage of the soil is, first of all, the inhibition of the respiration of the roots of the fruit trees, followed by the inhibition of microorganisms in the soil, especially the activities of the aerobic bacteria. Thus reducing soil fertility. Although mango trees can tolerate light accumulation of water, excessive moisture in the growing season can cause the growth of plants to be inhibited. The rainfall of mango planting areas in southern China is mostly concentrated in summer, and there may be poor drainage in flat lands and paddy fields. Even in mountainous areas, due to the heavy soil, it is also possible to collect water at planting points. Ordinary flat orchard drainage system mainly includes open drain and underdrain drain.
Pruning and shaping is to trim the branches so that the crown has an ideal structure, cultivate a strong backbone, and form a tree with premature birth, high yield, and easy management.
(1) The tree structure of the mango tree The aboveground part of the mango tree includes two parts, trunk and canopy. The canopy is composed of a central trunk, main techniques, lateral branches and branch groups, in which the central trunk, main branches and lateral branches constitute the skeleton of the crown; collectively referred to as the backbone branches.
1 Main trunk: The stem from the ground to the first branch is called trunk. During plastic surgery, the height of the main trunk can be selected according to different species. For example, the varieties with strong polarity such as purple flowers can be lower when the main trunk is reserved, generally about 50 centimeters; and for those like Qiumang and Guixiangmang Poor polar species can be higher when the trunk is reserved. Therefore, depending on the polarity of different species, it is generally appropriate to set a dry height in the nursery or the year, and a height of 50 to 100 cm.
3 Central stem: The backbone branches above the trunk are called center stems, and the number of stems taken is also generally related to the variety.
2 Main Techniques: The backbone branches that are planted in the center are called main branches. Like the main trunk, they are the organs that transport nutrients to enlarge the crown. In principle, under the premise of being able to be filled with enough space, the fewer backbone branches, the more favorable, the general tree shape, the more backbone branches, the smaller tree shape, the less backbone branches, the main mango tree branches with 5-7 it is good. No more than 3 on the same floor.
4 Lateral branches: Branches inserted on the main branch are called lateral branches. It is the main part of the leaf's survival and flowering. Retain as much as possible during plastic surgery. In order to increase the leaf area and increase the yield, the first result of the mango lateral branch is the result of the mother branch, and the new branch sprouted after the fruit harvest becomes the result of the second year. At this time, the whole tree generally only retain 30-40.
Five-branch groups: The new shoots drawn from the lateral branches are called branches and are the main result branches in the second result year. The 5-6 inbred trees should retain 40 to 60, and they will be replaced alternately and remain at 80-120.
(2) Tree shape and shaping techniques Different varieties (or types) of mangoes have different tree shapes. Currently planted varieties have roughly 3 types of trees:
1 The tree is tall and upright, and it forms an elliptical canopy under natural growth. Its height is greater than that of the crown, its trunk is thick, and its stems are straight, such as ivory awns and No. 1 mansies in western Guangdong. This type of tree from the seedling stage after planting and budding should pay close attention to plastic surgery, can be 40 to 60 cm away from the ground at the seedlings short section of the trunk, to promote branching (such as the original branch is not short), from the cultivation of 1-2 Evenly growing, stout stems, artificial traction, pruning and other measures to inhibit the uprightness of the branches, so that oblique branches, forming a more round head-shaped canopy.
2 The main crown of the tree was developed. The plant height was similar to that of the crown, and a round crown-shaped canopy was formed under natural growth. The trunk was obvious and short, branches were thick, and the density was moderate. In the seedling stage, it is necessary to strengthen the l level branch, pass a short cut, pruning, and other measures to make the first level branch a strong skeleton, in order to form a canopy that is both developed, dwarfed, and less prone to drooping.
3 Dwarf trees, short trunks, low branches. Branches are prone to sagging, forming flat spheroids or umbrella crowns under natural growth, and the plant height is less than the crown width. Such as Qiu Mang and Gui Xiangmang belong to this category. For this type of tree, it is necessary to sparsely cut too many branches and cultivate 3-5 main branches that grow evenly to form an ideal tree shape.
Intercropping covers 1 work: There are more intercropping areas in the sapling orchards. Intercropping crops are beneficial to the growth and development of mango trees. When intercropping, the fertilizer and water management of the tree tray should be strengthened, especially when crops and fruit trees compete for severe nutrients, and timely fertilization and irrigation should be used. Inter-species crops should maintain a certain distance from the fruit trees to avoid the cross between the roots of the crops and the mango tree roots and aggravate the conflicts between competing for water and competing for water. The intercropping plants should be short, have a short growing period, and have strong adaptability. It is best to stagger the critical period of water requirement with fruit trees. Mango orchards are usually watermelons, peanuts, pineapples, beans or green manure. In orchards with high planting densities, crops can generally only be planted during the year of planting, and it is best to grow green crops. It is not appropriate to intercrop other crops. Otherwise, the growth of mangoes will be delayed and production will be postponed. In the first year after mango planting, papayas can be shaded appropriately to improve the survival rate of colonization. In the second year, mangoes grow rapidly and require high light. It is not appropriate to grow papayas again.
2 Coverage: Covering the ground with crops can inhibit the growth of weeds, reduce evaporation and soil erosion, as well as prevent wind and sand. It also reduces the change in surface temperature, improves ecological conditions, and is conducive to the growth and development of fruit trees. The densely planted mango garden has relatively high humidity and is not conducive to the control of pests and diseases. Therefore, the coverage of the saplings in the mango orchard should only be prior to the results. Cover crops can be legumes and green manure crops.
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