(1) The amount of fertilizer applied to bananas
According to foreign studies, each banana plant needs 150.5 grams of nitrogen, 40.7 grams of phosphorus and 561 grams of potassium per year. But the plants can only absorb part of the fertilizer, of which nitrogen accounts for 50% of the fertilizer (also known as only 1/4), potassium accounts for 50% of the fertilizer, and phosphorus accounts for only 20% to 30% of the fertilizer, that is to say, The applied nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers are lost from 50% to 80% or fixed by soil. Therefore, the amount of fertilizer should include the amount of plant absorption and loss or the total of the two fixed. To determine the reasonable amount of fertilizer used in the park, local climate conditions must also be considered. The garden's soil structure and fertility, as well as the availability of water, production goals (that is, yield per unit area, single or banana planting, new planting or perennial), planting density, variety type, management level and other factors. For example, Hainan Province has to use less fertilizer than Guangxi, and more potassium should be used for soils that lack potassium. The level of fertilization that requires high yield and high quality must be higher than that of general production. The Pearl River Delta in Jiaoyuan, Guangdong. When the yield is to reach 30,000-45,000 kg/ha (2000-3000 kg/mu), it requires 518-823g nitrogen, 186-297g phosphorus, and 750-1185g fertilizer per year.
In order to make the fertilization scientific and rational, that is, to meet the needs of banana growth and development and production goals, and not to waste more fertilizer, it is best to carry out banana leaf nutrient analysis and soil nutrient analysis, according to the results of the analysis to guide the fertilization, according to the lack of quantity How much does it reasonably add to the shortfall?
(2) The three elements of fertilizer in banana
Different proportions of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in fertilizers will affect the absorption, growth and development of bananas for nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. The author integrated the experience of banana formula fertilization in Guangdong, Guangxi, Fujian, Taiwan and other provinces in recent years, that the effect of good fertilization, the ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and three elements should be 1:0.2 ~ 0.5: 1.1 ~ 2.0 to determine the banana The reasonable ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium should also accomplish the following two points:
1 It must be based on the content of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the soil, especially the content of potassium, and the ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium; the soil is rich in potassium (over 0.06% exchangeable potassium) should be 1 : 0.3:0.5, which is rich in potassium (exchangeable potassium 0.025%-0.059%) should be 1:0.3:1, potassium medium (exchangeable potassium 0.015%-0.0249%) should be 1:0.3:1.1- 1.3, low potassium content (exchangeable potassium 0.0075% ~ 0.0149%) should be 1: 0.3: 1.4 ~ 1.7, low potassium (exchangeable potassium is only 0.0075% or less) should be l: 0.3: 1.8 ~ 2.0.
2 must be based on the different growth and development of bananas. According to the analysis of Guinea in Africa, the ratio of nitrogen to potassium is 1:1.35 to 1.6 in the early stage of flower bud differentiation, and 1:1.5 to 1.7 in the late stage of flower bud differentiation. Over or under the above ratio is unfavorable for banana growth and development.
(3) Banana important fertilization period
The demand for nutrients by bananas generally increases with the leaf stage. The growth and development of bananas during the 18 to 40 leaf stage play a decisive role in the production and quality of bananas, so this period is an important fertilization period for bananas. This period can be divided into two periods of vegetative growth and flower bud differentiation, and most of the fertilizer should be concentrated in these two periods.
1 During the late period of vegetative growth (18-29 leaf stages), 3 to 5 months after the spring planting of bananas, 5 to 9 months after the planting of the summer and autumn planting bananas and the hemp roots. From the perspective of the leaf shape, this period consisted of freshly drawn leaves (the new leaves that had just been extracted were mostly bent like a tiger's tail) until they entered one or two big leaves. This period is in the period of vegetative growth, with very strong requirements for nutrients, the most sensitive response, and the growth and development of banana plants is determined by the availability of fertilizers. If the heavy fertilizer is applied at this time, the banana plants will receive sufficient nutrients. The long-leaved and long-stemmed banana plants perform efficient assimilation and accumulate large amounts of organic matter, which lays a solid foundation for the differentiation of flower buds in the next stage.
2 Flower bud differentiation period (30-40 leaf stage), 5 to 7 months after the spring planting banana planting, 9 to 11 months after the planting of the summer and planting bananas and the hemp roots and bananas, and from the leaf shape, this period consists of 1-2% of large-leaved sunflower leaves with short round leaves. The leaf pitch is densely spread from the most sparse. The speed of leaf extraction is slow. From the stem, the pseudo-stem develops to the thickest and the bulbous stem (crocodile) begins to expose the ground. It is shaped like an altar; from the point of view of sucking buds, it has entered the period of germination and budding. This period is in the process of flower bud differentiation of reproductive growth, and requires a lot of nutrients for the growth of young ears to form spikes with long spikes and large fruits. According to foreign studies, when the flower buds differentiate into flower buds at the later stage of vegetative growth, the nitrogen content in the leaves suddenly drops because at this time a large amount of nitrogen is needed to supply the flower buds for differentiation. When the root system absorbs nitrogen from the soil and it is not enough, nitrogen has to be Transferred from leaves, stems and other tissues and organs. Heavy fertilizer at this time can promote maximum assimilation of leaves, and create more organic matter for the formation and growth of young ears.
(4) Banana fertilization times
Banana has the characteristics of annual growth, rapid growth, and large amount of growth. China's climate is characterized by high temperature and rainy weather during the best season for banana growth. After the application of fertilizer, it easily leaks and volatilizes. Therefore, it is imperative that bananas be fertilized. The principle of re-applying in key periods.
In recent years, the frequency of banana fertilization in China has generally increased more than in the past, ranging from 5 to 9 times a year, and as many as 10 to 20 times. How many times a year is appropriate for fertilization? There have been times when fertilization tests were conducted on bananas. The first component was applied 13 times and the second component was applied 8 times. The total amount of fertilizer was the same. Results: The stems of the first group were 15 cm taller and 2.7 cm thicker than the second group; the first group had all buds before mid-August, and the second group was only pumped out at the early part; the first group was more than the second group. Increase 10%.
The multiple application of fertilizer can minimize the loss, increase the utilization rate, and fully exert the fertilizer effect. For the sandy fruit garden, the effect of multiple fertilizers is more obvious.
Based on the above circumstances, we believe that the number of banana fertilization is more suitable for 12 to 15 times throughout the year, including 5 times heavy fertilizer, thin fertilizer 7 to 10 times.
(5) Banana fertilizer types and fertilization methods
1 Fertilizer type. Banana fertilizers are divided into organic fertilizers and inorganic fertilizers.
Organic Fertilizer. Organic fertilizers are organic fertilizers, including human and animal excrement, poultry, animal waste, organic matter of crops, stems and leaves, grass ash, and green manure, and alluvial deposits such as river mud, pond mud and mud. Contains more comprehensive nutritional elements. After the application of organic fertilizer can improve soil physical properties, improve soil drainage and ventilation performance, after the decomposition of soil microorganisms can increase soil humus and nutrients. The organic fertilizer is generally used as a new planting base fertilizer or early spring fertilizer and cold fertilizer. The easily decomposed bran cake fertilizer can be used as a flower bud differentiation fertilizer or a strong seedling fertilizer.
Inorganic fertilizers. Most of the inorganic fertilizers are chemical fertilizers. They have high elemental contents and can be dissolved in water or weak acids. They are easily absorbed and used by bananas. The fertilizers have high and fast fertilizer effects and are easy to use. However, the improper use of some inorganic fertilizers will cause soil compaction or acid or alkali, and inorganic fertilizers and organic fertilizers can be used to overcome these problems. Banana commonly used inorganic fertilizer, nitrogen fertilizer is urea, ammonium sulfate, ammonium bicarbonate, ammonia, etc., phosphate fertilizer has superphosphate, calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer, defluorinated phosphate fertilizer and phosphate rock powder, potash potassium sulfate, potassium chloride and so on. Compound fertilizer generally contains nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, and the ratio is usually 15:15:15. The ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium of banana BB fertilizer produced by Guangzhou Huangpu Canadian foreign-funded factory is 1:0.2:1.33.
2 fertilization methods. There are two types of banana fertilization: rhizosphere fertilization and extra-root fertilizer. Rhizosphere fertilization is the main method, supplemented with extra-root fertilizer.
The rhizosphere fertilization can be divided into liquid and dry application, while the dry application is divided into sub-application, acupoint application and furrow application.
Liquid application. Liquid Fertilizer Fertilizer is diluted with water and then applied. It is ready for use in those soluble and ready-to-use. For organic fertilizers such as bran cakes, humans, livestock and poultry, etc., water or human or animal urine is used for mashing and dissolving. After the application, it should cover the thin soil. The advantage of liquid application is that the fertilizer is easily accessible to the root system and is easily absorbed without damaging the roots. It also functions as an irrigation agent when it is dry.
Submission. Spreading is spreading fertilizer on the surface of a pod, usually after the rainy season when the soil is still moist. Dry and dry soil is not suitable for spreading. If it is sunny and dry, it must be poured first. The spread must be spread evenly, and it is best to sprinkle the water once. The advantage of spreading is to save labor and expand the absorption surface, and it will be quick to see the effect of fertilizer. However, improper application may cause injury to the roots and loss of waste. In particular, when the roots of the banana root are easily uncovered from May to July, it is necessary to control the degree of fertilizer.
Point application. Acupuncture is to dig a hole from 30 to 100 centimeters away from the banana plant. The depth of the hole is 15 to 23 centimeters (depending on how much the fertilizer depends on the fertilizer), the fertilizer is put into the hole and covered with soil. Dry days must be fully wetted to facilitate decomposition of fertilizers. The advantage of acupuncture is to prevent the loss of fertilizer and less fat, but the absorption surface is narrow, the fertilizer effect is slower, and the labor is more. Generally used for spring fertilizer and too cold fertilizer.
Gully. Gully is from 1 to 2 arcuate minor ditch 30 to 100 cm away from the banana plant, 15 to 25 cm wide, 35 to 50 cm long, and 8 to 15 cm deep. Fertilize the fertilizer evenly in the ditch and cover the soil. In addition to preventing the loss of fertilizers and fertilizers, the benefits of furrows are wider than that of acupuncture points. Fertilizer efficiency is faster than that of acupuncture points, but it is also more laborious. Generally used for spring fertilizer, autumn fertilizer and too cold fertilizer, should not be used in May to July, because banana plant fine roots throughout the park and exposed the ground, open ditch easily hurt the fine roots.
Banana top dressing is the spraying of liquid fertilizer on the leaf or fruit surface with low dependence. The advantage of dressing fertilizers from roots is that the fertilizers are easily direct to the leaves or fruits. Absorption is rapid and nutrition can be added in time to meet the demand of nutrients for growth and development of bananas. In particular, a large amount of nutrients are required for the differentiation of flower buds to the young fruit development period, and nutrients can be replenished timely by applying extra-root fertilizers to increase the yield and quality of bananas. It plays an important role. On the other hand, when the foliar and fruit surface fertilizers were sprayed, the fertilizer absorption rate could be as high as 90%, which was significantly higher than that of rhizosphere fertilization. However, there are also deficiencies in dressing topdressing outside roots. The main reason is that each time the amount of fertilizer is small, it needs to be applied multiple times, and there are more laborers.
Which kind of fertilizer is used outside the root dressing depends on the content of nutrient elements in the soil, the deficiency condition of the plant, and the different growth period of the banana. Generally, urea (biuret-free) and ternary compound fertilizer (nitrogen:phosphorus:potassium is 15) are used. : 15:15). Potassium dihydrogen phosphate, foliar fertilizers (such as foliar treasures, etc.) and various trace fertilizers (zinc sulfate, manganese sulfate, ferrous sulfate, borax, neutral copper sulfate, etc.). The use concentration should also be determined according to different fertilizer types and banana growth period. For example, urea and ternary compound fertilizer in young stage (7 to 12 leaf stage) are 150 to 250 times liquid and grow to young fruit stage (22 leaf stage to 40% fruit juice) Urea, ternary compound fertilizer is 50 to 100 times liquid, potassium dihydrogen phosphate is 250 to 350 times liquid, green wang is 800 to 1000 times liquid, magnesium sulfate is 2000 times liquid, other various micro Fertilizer (zinc sulfate, etc.) is 3,000 to 5,000 times liquid, and foliar fertilizer containing auxin is 8000 to 10000 times liquid.
Outside the root dressing should also pay attention to: use spray performance good sprayer, fine and uniform fog; best 0.5% of the spread agent (such as neutral detergent); spray time is best after 4 pm .
After many years of production practice, the combination of banana rhizosphere fertilization and extra-root dressing is better than a single rhizosphere fertilization, which can increase the yield and improve the quality of the fruit, especially the color of the peel, the endoplasmic quality of the fruit and the storage tolerance. At the same time, it can save fertilizer and reduce banana production costs.
(6) Different cultivation of banana fertilizer
Banana cultivation time is different, the target requirements are different, and the fertilization time and frequency are also different.
1 new planting banana fertilization. The new planting of bananas differs depending on whether the spring planting is different from summer and autumn planting. The fertilization of the planting plantlets of banana plantlets is also different. About the initial fertilization of tissue culture seedlings has been mentioned in the front, the post-plant fertilization here is mainly a sucker. Initial fertilization with liquid fertilizer.
Spring planting. About 20 days after planting spring bananas. Seedlings from 1 to 2 new leaves start to apply thin stool water or bran water or urea solution, every 10 to 20 days, a total of 3 to 5 times. In May, we reapplied the first-time spring fertilizer to promote the growth of banana seedlings and cultivate strong seedlings. From July to August, the banana plant has entered the flower bud differentiation stage when it has 22 to 24 new leaves. Therefore, 7 to 9 months, two heavy fertilizers are applied to promote flower bud differentiation and young ear formation; between the two heavy fertilizers Topdressing 3 thin fertilizers (fertilizing during this period not only promotes the growth of flower spikes, but also promotes cultivation of bananas and sucks buds). Until September, 85% of the total fertilizer has been applied. In October, the top-dressing fruit fertilizer was applied one or two times, and in November, it was over-heavy and heavy, which laid a good foundation for the overwintering of fruit and banana plants. In the 10 months of the year, the frequency of fertilization was 12 to 15 times, including 5 heavy fertilizers and 7 to 10 thin fertilizers.
Xia Qiuzhi. After the first year of planting, apply thin fertilizer 3 to 4 times before entering the winter to cultivate strong seedlings. In the late October, apply 1 heavy-duty over-cold to provide nutrients for the late growth period of vegetative growth and enhance the ability of the plants to overwinter. The first heavy fertilizer in early spring in March of the second year of the next year accelerates the growth of nutrients in the later period and provides sufficient nutrients for the transition to flower bud differentiation. Flower bud differentiation has been entered from April to May, and the flower bud differentiation fertilizer should be reapplied twice in April-June or May-July, and 3 thin fertilizers should be applied in the meantime to prompt the banana plant to buddraw early and grow buds. Provide enough nutrients for the cultivation of strong seedlings. From October to October, topdressing was performed three times, and at the same time, the growth of bananas was promoted before and during the mid-term. At the end of October, it was re-applied with cold fertilizer. In December, the top-dressing thin fertilizer was used to provide the basis for the growth of the next growing banana plant. Fertilization totaled 14 to 15 times in 17 months in two years, including 5 heavy fertilizers and 9 to 10 thin fertilizers.
2 perennial single planting banana fertilization. The use of perennial persimmons for growing bananas is different from that for growing bananas in the spring and summer.
Spring and summer bananas. Early spring heavy fertilizer was applied at the beginning of March to accelerate the development of fruit development and growth of the banana plant during the early nutrition period. From May to May, thin fertilizer was applied 3 times, and in late May, heavy fertilizer was applied 1 time to accelerate the growth of the banana plant during the middle period of nutrition. From June to July, 3 thin fertilizers were applied again to promote the growth of the banana plant nutrition. From July to September, the total number of growing leaves reached 28 to 30, indicating that flower bud differentiation had begun. At that time, heavy fertilizer should be applied twice to promote the formation of banana plantlets and the cultivation of bananas. 9 ~ October topdressing 1 ~ 2 times strong fruit. Strong seedlings and thin fertilizers were re-applied to cold fertilizers at the end of October, followed by applying thin fertilizers in December to promote fruit development and early growth of banana plant nutrition. Fertilization totaled 13 to 14 times in the 12 months of the year, including 5 heavy fertilizers and 8 to 9 thin fertilizers.
Building bananas. Early spring heavy fertilizer was applied at the beginning of March to promote the growth of the growing banana plant. From April to July, flower buds have entered the stage of differentiation, and flower bud differentiation fertilizer should be applied twice to promote flower bud differentiation and banana cultivation. During the same period, three thin fertilizers are applied between heavy fertilizers. From October to October, 3 thin fertilizers were applied again to promote the development of fruit development and mid-to-middle growth of banana cultivation. The cold fertilizer was applied at the end of October and the thin fertilizer was applied one time in December to enhance the ability of the banana plant to overwinter and promote the growth of the banana plant nutrients at a later stage. The 12-month total fertilization in the whole year was 12 times, including 5 heavy fertilizers and 7 thin fertilizers.
3 Ratoons make bananas for fertilization. Perennial banana planting should be based on early and word. In the first year of the new planting of bananas, in addition to the foot base fertilizer, it is also necessary to top-dress fertilizers early and diligently fertilize. The amount of fertilizer applied throughout the year is 1/4 to 1/3 more than that of a single banana, and the frequency of fertilizer application is 2 to 4 times. In the first year, the top-dressing thin fertilizer was applied at 10 to 20 meters after planting, and the top dressing was applied 4 times between March and April to promote the rapid growth of the banana plant. Application of heavy fertilizer in late spring at the beginning of May accelerated the growth of the banana plant's mid-term nutrition. From May to June, topdressing 2 thin fertilizers will accelerate the growth of the banana plant's nutrients at the later stage, and promote the cultivation of the strong buds. 7-September re-fertilization twice to promote the first banana plant flower bud differentiation and young ear formation, and accelerate the second banana plant growth before the mid-nutrition, 8-10 months topdressing 3 thin fertilizer, promote early budding , Bringing out buds and accelerating the growth of the second banana plant, applying a cold fertilizer at the end of October, followed by applying a thin fertilizer, for the first building strong fruit, the second banana plant grows and lays the foundation for nutrient later growth, ensuring fruit Smooth wintering with banana plants. In the second year from March to March, 1st replanting of early spring fertilizer accelerated the growth of the second banana plant's nutrition and promoted the cultivation of the third planting and strengthening of the bud. The spring-summer fertilizer was re-applied twice between April and June. Three thin fertilizers were applied between the heavy fertilizers to promote the second flower bud differentiation and accelerate the growth of the third pre-nutrition period. Thinning fertilizer was applied once in July to promote the development of the second crop, and the third banana plant grew later in nutrition. From August to October, the summer and autumn fertilizers were re-applied twice. During the same period, three thin fertilizers were applied and the differentiation of flower buds of the third banana was promoted. From November to December, two thin fertilizers were applied to promote the development of the third crop. In the first 10 months, a total of 15 treatments were applied, including 5 heavy fertilizers and 10 thin fertilizers. In the second 12 months, 14 treatments were applied, including 5 heavy fertilizers and 9 thin fertilizers.
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