According to the report of the American Daily Science website on January 8, 2006, there has been a question in the evolution of the bees that how bees gradually have social behavior. According to Grum-Amanda, a professor of life sciences at the University of Arizona, the social behavior of bees can be found in part of their maternal characteristics. The study was published in the January issue of Nature. Bees live in a highly complex social public group with a clear labor division among worker bees. Worker bees are female bees with incompletely developed reproductive organs in the bee colony. They are responsible for the cleaning, maintenance and defensive work of the hive, as well as nurturing larvae and searching for pollen or nectar. However, other kinds of bees, such as artisans, do not have the gregarious nature and live a life of living alone. How did the bees evolve from their ancestral ancestors to have a social behavior and labor division? Scientists are always looking for answers. Amanda’s research shows that the maternal behavioral characteristics of the honeybee's ancestral ancestors are the basis for the evolution into social behavior. This provides evidence for revealing how complex social behavior evolves, and provides a basis for studying the behavior of other animals and even humans. Amanda said that how the social behavior of societies emerged is the most fundamental issue of living alone. One theory is that social behavior emerged through new evolutionary creations. Another theory is that the ancestral phenotype of living species (characteristics of organisms) is the basis for the development of social life. On this basis, the social behavior of species gradually develops. Initially, the researchers classified the different species of bees for pollen collection or nectar collection. The results showed that besides different collection habits, different bee species formed different physiology and perception-related characteristics. However, researchers do not know how these different characteristics are formed. Since then, the researchers have found that the difference in the habit of bee pollen collection is related to the difference in reproductive characteristics of worker bees. Amanda said that although the worker bees were all females, worker bees could not lay eggs until the bees were selected. Only after the bees have died, some worker bees begin to develop ovaries and begin to spawn. For solitary bees, searching for pollen is a maternal behavior, and solitary bees without reproductive ability feed on nectar. Amanda claims that the level of vitellogenin related to bees, which is called vitellogenin, is high in the bee species that are willing to search for pollen (it is classified as “high pollen storage speciesâ€), and is eager to find nectar. The level of the bee species in the body is relatively low (classify it as "low pollen storage species"). Based on this finding, the researchers proposed a hypothesis that the worker bees in the "high-pollen storage species", although not fertile, also represent the state of their mothers' ancestral maternal reproduction, presumably their ancestors will find pollen in their reproductive activities. In contrast, worker bees of the "low pollen storage species" represent the state in which their ancestral ancestors did not perform reproductive activities. The researchers speculated that because the bees were responsible for the bee colony's reproductive tasks, the workers’ ancestors' foraging status was no longer related to their reproductive activities. However, these conditions still have a certain influence on the foraging behavior of the worker bees. As a result, the worker bees have different labor divisions. To confirm this hypothesis, the researchers grouped the high-storage and low-storage bee colonies. The high-storage species of bee represents the reproductive status of the bee ancestors. The low-storage species of bee represents the non-reproductive status of the bee ancestors. Bees can generate reproductive behavior faster. After 10 days to 21 days, 76% of the high-storage species of bees generated ovaries, while the low-storage species of bees were only 42%. This result confirms the validity of the hypothesis. The researchers also used the wild bees to do the same experiment. The results of the experiment showed that the worker bees that collected pollen produced larger ovaries, further confirming the hypothesis of the researchers. In addition, the researchers also found that the ovaries produced by winning a group of bee colonies were larger, further confirming that the behavior of bee foraging was related to the characteristics of reproduction, and that other physiological habits generated by the two groups of bees were also related to the size of their ovaries. Amanda said that the study has found a bridge between solitude and social life. If one wants to understand the causes of population behavior, a more comprehensive model can be established. Therefore, new assumptions can be made to study similar problems. .
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