Most plants and fungi can only move autonomously by slow growth. However, a few species can achieve their purpose by attracting unsuspecting flies or seeds. Now researchers say that the way to move ultimately depends on the flow characteristics within individual tissues, which they can use to classify plants and fungi. Non-muscle exercises require creative engineering techniques. For example, the fruit of the Ecballium elaterium grows until it bursts from the vine and spreads seeds everywhere. The Canadian cornus (Cornus canadensis) can accumulate pressure in small flowers and then suddenly blooms, shooting high pollen into the air. In the May issue of the journal Science, two applied mathematicians classified such movements according to the speed and degree of jetting. Inspired by pitcher plants, Lakshminarayanan Mahadevan of Harvard University in Cambridge, Mass., and Jan Skotheim of Rockefeller University New York discovered that despite the wide variety of species, they all move through three basic approaches. In small-scale slow movements, tissue expansion and contraction are very effective, such as the Arthrobotrys dactyloides, which are much like lassos and can tightly nest small nematodes. However, some plants use different strategies. Nepenthes use the energy stored in leaf elastic tissue to buckle and close the leaf, while Canadian hawthorn bursts on the pressure accumulated in the tissue. The researchers found that the dividing line between these movements—expansion, Nepenthesia closure and bursting—is dependent on the speed of fluid flow between tissues. Joan Edwards, a botanist at Williams College in Williamstown, Mass., said: “This study does a good job of summarizing how the two different groups of plants and fungi have common motor mechanisms.†North Carolina Steven Vogel, a biomechanical scientist at Duke University in Durham, says he has never speculated before that the flow rate will limit various sports. He said, "Now I was convinced."
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