There are many factors that affect the safe storage of grain and oil. For various unfavorable factors, using modern science and technology to maintain grain and oil quality within a reasonable storage period is the purpose and task of grain and oil storage. I. Heat and mildew and preventive treatment of grain and oil 1. Grain storage Microorganisms Microorganisms are a group of individuals that are small, simple in structure, and have a particularly strong catabolic capacity. There is a close relationship between grain storage microorganisms and grain storage. Among all grain-storing microorganisms, molds have the greatest impact on the safety of stored grain and the quality of grain storage, especially among the low-temperature dry types, which can decompose the organic matter of grain under lower temperature and dry conditions and cause food moldy mildew. The common molds on food are Aspergillus, Penicillium, Mucor, and Rhizopus, among which Aspergillus and Penicillium have the greatest impact on the security of stored grain. Aspergillus has a strong ability to decompose organic matter and is widely found in various foods. The deterioration of low-moisture foods is almost always caused by Aspergillus activity. Some Aspergillus can produce toxins in the metabolic process, causing food poisoning and harming human health. Penicillium is widely distributed and has a wide variety of types. It is a type of mold that is extremely destructive to organic matter. Penicillium infestation of food, resulting in food mold, "point Tsui" and kill germs, some Penicillium can produce toxins, so that food poisoning. Some also have a strong musty or secreted pigment that makes the food discolored and taste tingling. Mucor is adaptable to the environment, grows rapidly, and often participates in high-moisture mildew of high-moisture foods. Due to its irritating nature, it can cause fermentation deterioration in high-moisture sealed storage. Rhizopus belongs to medium-temperature and high-humidity molds, and most of them are aerobic bacteria. Some of them can tolerate hypoxia. Under appropriate conditions, they can quickly cause high-moisture food grains to spoil. 2. During the storage of grain-heating food, the grain temperature rises abnormally, or the phenomenon that the grain temperature falls but does not fall is called grain heating. The cause of fever is the vigorous respiration of biological components in food such as food itself, microbes, insects, and fleas. The usual situation is that when the grain temperature is high, humidity is high, and oxygen is sufficient, the breathing of various biological components is vigorous and releases a lot of water and calories; the increase in water and temperature has correspondingly contributed to various types of organisms. The composition of life activities, thus producing more moisture and calories. Since the grain piles are poor conductors of heat, these heat accumulations are not easily lost in the grain piles and thus generate heat. A large number of tests have shown that microorganisms are the main cause of fever in stored grain in various biological components of grain reserves. Microorganisms have a wide range of adaptability to temperature, humidity, and oxygen. Cereal grain moisture is above 14.5%, and temperatures above 15°C may produce large numbers of species. The reproduction of microorganisms is very fast. Under appropriate conditions, the number of bacteria in food can be increased from a few thousand to several hundred million per gram in a few days. With so many bacteria added together, the respiratory intensity is much greater than the grain itself. The grain only exhibits strong breathing when the water is high, the temperature is appropriate, and it begins to germinate, and the usual respiration is generally very weak. As for the heat production of insects, they can only be clearly expressed when they are gathered in large quantities. Therefore, microorganisms are often the forerunners of fever caused by stored grains, and their effects are far greater than other biological components. Generally, most of the heat generated in grain piles occurs in the upper layers of the grain piles, in the lower layers, and in the vertical layers around the walls, stigma, or sampans. First of all, these parts are often caused by condensation due to temperature differences and are not treated in time, causing heat. Secondly, due to leakage of rain from the warehouse or flooding of floors and walls, some of the tidal grains are mixed into grain piles, or insects and miscellaneous agglomerations cause localized fever. In addition, new grain storage and high grain foods (high moisture content, high temperature, and high impurities) may cause fever in the entire warehouse due to poor management or failure to deal with it in time. 3. Grain mildew Grain mildew is the result of storage grain microbes decomposing grain organic matter, it is often closely linked with food fever, that is, if the heat-generating grain pile is not dealt with in time, it will further deteriorate and even deteriorate. Therefore, mildew mostly occurs in the areas where grain piles are most prone to heat. However, under conditions of good ventilation, some grain piles have been seriously mildewed, but due to the timely release of heat, it is not easy to detect fever. Grain mildew is a continuous development process, which can be divided into three stages: initial deterioration, mildew and mildew. In the initial stage of metamorphism, microorganisms secrete various enzymes under suitable conditions, decompose the organic matter of grains, destroy the surface structure of grain grains, and then invade the interior, resulting in mildew in the early stages of grain growth. At this time, the grain temperature may rise abnormally, and the surface of the grains will be moist, and the looseness will be reduced. The original color and aroma will be lost, and there will be slight odor. In the mildew stage, the grain temperature rises at a rate of 2 to 3°C per day, reaching a maximum of 45 to 50°C. Grains of embryos and damaged parts gradually appear in colonies of various colors, resulting in "long hairs" and "points Such phenomena as obvious discoloration and strong musty, sweet, and sour tastes have seriously deteriorated grain quality. In the mildew stage, high-temperature microorganisms continue to decompose the organic matter of the grain instead of the medium-temperature microorganisms, causing further deterioration of the grain and corruption of the grain. At this time, the grain temperature may rise to 65°C, grain grains may be deformed, hyphae might become entangled, and even clumps may form a mass, resulting in a rancid odor and completely losing its use value. 4. The prevention of heat and mildew in foodstuffs is mainly due to the fact that microorganisms grow under the right conditions, especially when the water and temperature are suitable. Therefore, improving grain storage quality, controlling grain moisture and temperature, and creating a warehouse environment that is not conducive to the life of microorganisms, especially molds, can effectively prevent heat and mildew. (1) Improving the storage quality of grain The quality of grains stored in storage should be dry, full, and clean in order to enhance the anti-mildew ability. When storage, it is necessary to achieve "five separations" of the grain (that is, separate species, separate grades, dry and wet parts, separate parts, and insects and insects). (2) Improve the condition of storage environment The warehouse and peripheral facilities should have good moisture-proof and heat insulation properties. Before food storage, warehouses should be cleaned and disinfected, bedding and moisture-proof work should be done, and clean and scavenging work should be done outside the warehouse so as to achieve “the light inside the warehouse and the three outside the warehouse (leaving no weeds, sewage, and dirt)â€. . (3) Strengthen management, timely ventilation and airtight According to the changes of seasons, combined with the specific conditions of temperature and humidity inside and outside the warehouse, timely ventilation and confinement, the purpose is to timely disseminate the damp heat in the grain piles and reduce the infiltration of hot and humid air into the grain heap. (4) Adopt advanced storage technologies such as commonly used mechanical ventilation and dry storage, "double low" storage (low oxygen, low dose), "three low" storage (low temperature, low oxygen, low dose) Such methods can effectively prevent heat and mildew. (5) Predicting the occurrence of fever and mildew often detecting changes in grain moisture, temperature and grain quality, and analyzing the activity trends of insects and molds so that problems can be detected in a timely manner, and timely treatment can be implemented to control the moldy fever in the bud. 5. After the mildew-inducing and heat-generating food is heated and mildewed, it is necessary to find out the reasons first and then take various emergency measures to deal with it. The principle of handling is "quick, economic, and effective." Generally, the following treatments can be taken for foods that produce heat and mildew: (1) Due to increased heat and mildew caused by increased grain moisture, measures should be taken to reduce moisture in the sun, mechanical drying, etc.; caused by too much impurity The heat of mildew, it is necessary to take measures such as Yang Feng to remove impurities. (2) Due to mildew caused by condensation on the upper layer, it is necessary to diligently turn the grain surface and reduce the temperature and humidity. If the upper layer of mildew is serious, the grain layer affected by mildew should be taken out separately to remove heat and heat. (3) The heat and mildew caused by accumulation of pests in stored grain should be treated by methods such as fumigation, insecticide or exposure, and screening and extermination. (4) As the lower layer of food ingested with water, moisture and other mildew caused by mildew, it is necessary to take measures to deal with the situation, the bottom of the heat and mildew removed out of the separate processing, at the same time check the bottom of the warehouse and bedding situation, in time to deal with the existing problems. (5) Due to mildew caused by vertical heat or partial heat, if the site is very small, you can take measures such as ditching, digging ponds, etc., to remove the grain of the heat-and-mildew site for drying or drying. (6) The packaged food has a fever, lighter ones can reduce the stack height and change it into a ventilation squat; the heavier ones must be dumped, and the heat and mildew grain package should be taken out and cooled or dried. (7) For dangerous foods that have symptoms of hot mildew or severe moisture, due to climate, warehouse, equipment and other conditions, temporarily unable to take the above measures, plastic film can be closed, if necessary, supplemented with aluminum phosphide Fumigation, as an interim emergency measure. (8) For foods that produce heat and mildew, the selection and use should be determined based on the inferiority of the quality and the detection of mycotoxins. After heat-fungus foods are processed, they should be stored separately, as soon as possible before the warehouse. II. Storage pests and prevention and control of stored grain pests are a type of food, oil, potato and processed products and by-products that endanger the storage and other circulation process, or endanger the storage of food packaging, equipment, equipment and warehouse buildings. Insects and mites. Stored-grain pests can cause weight loss of stored grain, reduce the quality and nutritional value of stored grain, endanger warehouses, spread diseases, and are very harmful to safe grain storage. Doing a good job in prevention and control of pests in stored foods is of great significance to reducing post-harvest food losses and safeguarding people's health. 1. Main pests of stored grain pests Major pests of stored grain are pests that are widely distributed and have a great safety hazard to stored grain. There are a total of 10 species, they are corn elephants, rice elephants, fools, giant gorillas, mung beans, peas, faba beans, coffee beans, wheat moths, and Indian rice grits. In addition to the above 10 major pests of stored grain, there are dozens of common pests and storks. 2. The prevention and control of stored grain pests shall prevent and control the pests of stored grain, and shall follow the policy of “mainly comprehensive prevention and prevention of grain†and regard “defense†as the basic means of prevention and control. According to different circumstances, local conditions and various measures The prevention and control methods are combined organically, avoiding weaknesses and being targeted to carry out comprehensive prevention and control in order to achieve the best control effect. (1) Management of warehouse management The prevention and control of warehouse management is to artificially create ecological conditions that are conducive to the storage of grain and are not conducive to pests, so as to control the occurrence and development of pests and achieve the goal of safe grain storage. This control technology is simple and cost-effective. Specific contents include: cleanliness, empty storage and equipment insecticide, isolation and protection and improve warehouse conditions. Hygiene is a basic and important method of prevention and control. Cleaning and sanitation work can remove the source of insects and clear food sources, especially in the winter, the effect is better. Because the wintering pests are the base insect pests in the coming year, clearing them will lay a good foundation for the prevention and treatment work in the coming year. The sanitation work needs to be done so that “the inside of the warehouse is covered with light, and there is no residue left in the warehouse (without leaving garbage, sewage, and weeds)â€, so that the pests do not get a habitat. Because the individual pests are small, they will be hidden. After the empty positions and equipment are cleaned, it is inevitable that there are still a few pests remaining. These remaining pests have considerable hunger-resistance ability and can survive without being active and feeding. Therefore, it is very necessary to poison once with insecticides. Dichlorvos, trichlorfon and phoxim are used as disinfectants for disinfecting insecticides in empty warehouses. Insects mainly come from mutual infections and circulating. Isolation and protection are measures to prevent pests from spreading from infected foodstuffs, equipment, and spreading to uninfected food to protect insect-free food. This work must do a good job of “three isolations†(segregation of equipment warehouse from storage of grain storage, isolation of processing plants from storage of grain storage, isolation of dormitories, offices, laboratories, and storage of grain storage) and “five separations†(different types and separate levels) , dry and wet apart, new apart, there are insects separated from insects). Improving warehouse conditions is a necessary measure to prevent pests from entering the warehouse. Storehouses should be able to seal and install Pest Control doors and windows. The corner is best rounded so that it can be cleaned. Floors should be able to prevent moisture and prevent groundwater from rising. Farmers need simple warehouses, which can be dry sanded and topped with bricks. The grain processing plant, which was originally an elevator, could be converted into a grain processing plant for wind transporters, so that the pests could not live on the inner wall of the wind pipe. In addition, the pest inspection and forecasting work can be done in a timely manner to detect pests in time and provide direct evidence for prevention and control. Inspection and reporting work is an important part of warehouse management anti-contact. (2) Physical and mechanical control The application of physical factors to pest organisms and the method of controlling and eradicating pests is called physical control. The method of manipulating or manipulating various types of machinery to remove insect pests in warehouses is called mechanical control. Physical control mainly includes temperature control and gas control, and mechanical control mainly includes wind lifting, windmill worm removal and screen worming. In general, 45 to 55°C is a high temperature area for lethal insects, and 40 to 45°C is a sub-lethal high temperature area for insect pests. In the high-temperature zone where death is caused, the pests will soon die and they will also die in a sub-lethal high-temperature zone for a long time. Sunlight exposure to insecticides, drying insecticides, and hot and humid gas insecticides are common methods of several high-temperature pesticidal methods. The hot-housing covering method of wheat is the purpose of using high-temperature insecticide to achieve safe storage. The development point of general warehouse pests is above 10°C. In the frost season, natural ventilation of grain warehouses can be opened or mechanical ventilation can be used to reduce the temperature. Even grain can be moved out and spread over the drying field repeatedly to achieve low-temperature insecticide. purpose. Gas control is artificially changing the gas composition in the grain heap, resulting in environmental conditions that are not conducive to the growth of pests, so as to achieve the purpose of controlling pests. Practice has proved that when the concentration of oxygen in grain piles drops below 8%, the growth and development of pests can be curbed; when the oxygen concentration is controlled below 2%, pests will soon die; when the carbon dioxide concentration in grain piles rises to 40 When it is between 5% and 50%, it will poison the insects and suffocate them due to the relative decrease of oxygen. Normally, plastic membranes are used to seal natural anoxic or carbon dioxide or nitrogen gas control measures to achieve insecticidal purposes. Mechanical control is based on the different characteristics of grain, pests and impurities in physical properties. It uses a mechanical device such as wind power and screening to separate pests and impurities mixed in food. To carry out mechanical disinsecting operations, it should be conducted in the cold season and should be kept away from the warehouse. Spray pest control lines around the job site. (3) Biological control The technology that uses the biological characteristics of pests to prevent or control the occurrence and development of pests is called biological control. Preventing warehouse pests is a systematic project. Field control is the first link. Breeding new food varieties, in addition to considering high quality and high yield, should also consider the resistance to insects and insects during field and storage. After grain is harvested, it should be put on the field in time for storage. For example, if the wheat infected by the wheat moth larvae does not play on the field in time, the adults that emerge from the feathers can freely mate due to their large space for movement. Spawning, it is easy to infect unwheated wheat. The wheat moth adults feathered in the middle and lower layers of wheat after storage are soft, the gaps in the wheat pile are small, and they are difficult to fly out of mating and breeding. Playing a field in time is a simple and effective method of prevention and control. Second, the use of pest habits can also be effectively controlled. Adult moths, after flying out of the grain piles, are required to formulate their fertilized eggs on the grain surface. Therefore, covering the grain surface can not only prevent the moth pests from flying out of the grain piles, but also prevent pests from coming into contact with the grain surface, and has a good effect in preventing and controlling moth pests. According to the habit of crawling, colony and phototaxis of pests, trapping method can be used to remove insects. Such as the use of high-level vertical rods to trap (climb up-climbing corn elephants, sawtooth plunders, and fools), decrepit sacks (inducing clusters of redgrass, or overwintering moth larvae), and food inducers Sets, light trapping and attractant trapping. Top-shifting treatment is one of the effective methods for controlling the moths, because the depth of spawning on the grain surface is generally not more than 40 cm. Therefore, the grain layer 30 cm away from the grain surface can be removed and treated in a timely manner after spawning of the moth, which can reduce the number of eggs. Loss of worms can prevent the generation and harm of the next generation of moths. At the same time, it also has a certain control effect on corn elephants, sawn plunder, etc., which are often active on the grain surface. The protection and use of local and imported natural predators (predatory and parasitic) insects to control pests are important methods in biological control. The more common natural enemy insects in grain storage are rice-beetle, wheat-beetle, yellow-brown carnivora, and sash. There are intricate relationships between the microbes in the grain piles and pests in the stored grain, and some microbes can kill the pests. These microbes are the pathogenic microbes of pests. The insecticidal effect of Bacillus thuringiensis is tested in practice. For example, the infectivity of Bacillus thuringiensis against rice and cornucopia is 90%. Hormonal control is the use of certain hormones isolated in insects or the use of synthetic analogs of insect hormones to inhibit the growth and reproduction of pests. The most effective hormones at present are juvenile hormones, dehulled hormones, diapause hormones and sex hormones. (4) Chemical control Chemical control is a method of using a toxic chemical agent to directly or indirectly control pests in stored grain. Chemical control has obvious effects on the extermination of pests that have been picked up, and it is also unmatched by other control technologies. The use of food preservatives in food and the short-term storage of insecticide before storage are all effective measures to prevent the occurrence of insect pests. Due to the current application of insecticides, there are certain side effects on humans and animals, and if pesticides are used for a long time to kill pests of stored grains, the insects will become resistant to certain insecticides and fail. Therefore, it is necessary to fully understand the relationship among pesticides, pests and the environmental conditions in which they are located, so that rational use of medicines can be achieved, and the maximum control potential of pharmaceuticals can be brought into play to minimize the harmful effects of pesticides. There are many kinds of pesticides. According to the use of the formulations can be divided into solid, liquid, gas insecticides; according to their way into the parasite can be divided into stomach agents, contact poisons, fumigants; according to their chemical composition and source can be divided into inorganic pesticides, Organic insecticides, microbial pesticides, etc. At present, pesticides used in grain storage mainly include aluminum phosphide, zinc phosphide, chloropicrin, trichlorfon, dichlorvos, malathion, zinc phos- phos- phosphorus, gallophos, deltamethrin, and others. Different pesticides have different physicochemical properties and methods of use vary. When using pesticides, pay attention to timing, timely application of pesticides, insecticides should be selected based on the insect species. For example, saw thief is resistant to chloropicrin and weak to phosphine resistance. When controlling pests mainly consisting of sawtooth plague, aluminum phosphide should be used. Another example is the prevention and control of moth-based pests, because most of the moths are active on the surface of the grain surface and on the surface, they can choose dichlorvos that are not strong enough to drill through but are more virulent and cheaper. It is necessary to improve the use of pesticides on the basis of continuous practice. Such as the use of dual low technology, interstitial fumigation, air fumigation, circulating fumigation, decompression fumigation and mixed fumigation and other technologies. Insecticides have certain toxicity to humans and animals, and should be used with safety during use. Especially in the use of highly toxic agents aluminum phosphide, chloropicrin, but also to strictly abide by safety practices. In order to reduce the harm of pesticides to humans and animals, pesticides with high efficiency, low toxicity, low residue, high purity, and suitable residual period should be used to limit the types and conditions of pesticides used for the storage of grains. For example, flour cannot be fumigated with chloropicrin. Each batch of wheat conventional fumigation only once a year and so on. It is necessary to strictly implement residue standards for pesticides in foods and prevent chronic poisoning caused by long-term consumption of poisoned food by both humans and animals. (5) Quarantine Prevention and Quarantine Prevention and control is based on domestic and foreign plant quarantine decrees and regulations promulgated by the State, which strictly inspect and inspect the state's export, import, and inter-provincial transfers of food and appendages to prevent the spread of dangerous pests. And a method of prevention and control that is eliminated on the spot. According to our country’s regulations, grain bugs, streaks of grain, soybeans, big grain stupidity, and brazil bean pods are quarantine objects. Third, rodent control 1. The main rodent species that endanger the storage of grain (1) The Rattus norvegicus rat is also known as the water rat and the rat. Its body is large, with a body length of 150-250 mm and a body weight of 250-500 g. The whole body is brown except for the abdomen. Thick tail, shorter than body. The nose is round and blunt, with short ears and thin hair. Rattus norvegicus is a domestic amphibious rat species and has a wide distribution and great harm. It usually inhabits warehouses, earth walls, garbage, drains, open pits, etc. Good at drilling holes, digging trenches, up to 1.5 meters deep. Not good at climbing. Ferocious, there are similar slaughter. Feeling sensitive, alert, action, day and night are out activities. High demand for water, often live near the water. Strong reproductive ability. Each year, 6 to 10 litters are bred and 5 to 14 litters per litter are born. (2) Yellow-striped Rattus xanthus, also known as black rat, roof rat, individuals smaller than Rattus norvegicus, body length 130 ~ 190 mm, weighing about 250 grams. The nose is pointed, the ears are round and hairless, the backs are brown, the belly is yellow, the tail hair is black, and the tail is too long. Yellow-breasted rat is good at climbing, can walk on rough walls, can also run on the roof beam, like to inhabit the roof. Its cave structure is simple. Mainly at night activities. Especially at dusk and dawn as the peak activity. Can breed all year round, breeding 4 to 6 litters per year, 5 to 7 litters per litter, up to a maximum of 13. Can live in an anhydrous environment for more than 1 week. (3) Apodemus Apodemus Apodemus, also known as field mouse, Apodemus. The body length is 70-125 mm, the body weight is 25-30 grams, and the tail length is about 2/3 of the body length. There is a black line on the back and it goes straight to the top of the head. The back hair is light brown, mixed black, and grayish-white hair. Apodemus likes to dig holes and often inhabits the farming area near the water source, and has a habit of storing grain. The phenomenon of seasonal migration is obvious. In winter, a large number of people intruded into warehouses and holes in houses, which endangered food and moved to the fields in the summer. More activities in the evening, dawn, rarely go out during the day, 1 to breed 2 to 5 nests, 3 to 11 births per baby. (4) Mus musculus Mus musculus is also known as mice and moles. Smaller body, body length 60 to 100 mm, weight 10 to 20 grams, tail length is about 2/3 of body length. Black gray hair on the back and gray hair on the abdomen. The mouth is short, the nose is pointed, and the ears are wide and short hairy. Mus musculus is agile, good at climbing, jumping, and often living in indoor, warehouse or dome. The mouse hole has a simple structure and many openings. Bulimia, strong thirsty. Stay active night and day. Each year, 6 to 8 litters are bred, 4 to 8 litters per litter and 11 can be produced. Mus musculus has a large number of individuals and is the largest group in the grain bank. 2. In the process of food storage, due to the occurrence of rodent damage, the damage caused to the stored grain is serious. Especially in rural areas, the damage caused by rodent damage even exceeds pest and mold damage. Therefore, it is of great significance to do a good job of rodent control. (1) Rat-proof and rat-releasing Rats According to the specific conditions of different warehouse types, rat-proof doors are installed at the warehouse doorway, or rat-proof boards are set on the thresholds between warehouses and rat-proof doors to cut off the rat road. If you find that the rat hole should be blocked in time, you can use the mouse trace. In the open storage of grain, it is necessary to build a rat-proof cargo platform to prevent rats from climbing up. In addition, you can also use mouse repellent (also known as repellent) to repel rats, such as the use of 0.05% of cycloheximide solution spraying equipment, can prevent rats for several months. (2) There are many kinds of devices used to trap rats and rats, such as mouse clips, rat cages, sticky mouse plates, and electronic rodent traps. Before using the rodent trapping device, learn the rat's activity pattern by observing the faeces, footprints, track, bite, etc. Select the appropriate mouse-catching method and equipment. According to the habits of the rats, they must be trapped before killing them. The arrangement of the rodent traps should be constantly changed. (3) Fumigation of drugs The top of the bamboo poles will be split open and a piece of old cotton or rag cloth will be clipped. 2 to 5 grams of chloropicrin solution will be poured into the rat hole and the hole will be sealed tightly. Using this method, you must carefully check the rat hole beforehand, and pre-clog the openings outside the warehouse and other parts. When there are households near the warehouse, it is not appropriate to use this method to avoid rats from entering the house and causing poisoning. When administering the smoked hole, the operator must wear a gas mask as required by the fumigation of the granary. (4) Poison bait trapping and killing Because the smell and taste of rats is very sensitive, they find that they do not feed on odors. Therefore, for the preparation of bait-mixing agents, there should be a basic requirement, that is, the baits that the medicament mixes into the bait must be mixed. It is suitable for mice to take the entrance to play a poisonous role. At present, rodenticides are commonly used in enemy mice, warfarin, safe, zinc phosphide and so on. When using bait traps, poison baits and venom should be prepared outdoors or in a more spacious room. The medicine used must be accurately weighed and well documented; the mask should be worn to prevent the powder from flying into the respiratory tract. Do not touch the drug or poison bait venom directly with your hands. Smoking and diet are prohibited on site. Rat poison bait venom is applied to a fixed vessel or a specially marked bait case with a mark, and records the time, place, and quantity of the application; the paper on which the medicine and bait has been packaged, and the expired bait venom, are to be burnt and buried in depth, and the bait is loaded. Vessels of venom should be washed with soapy water and stored in a centralized manner; special personnel are responsible for the preparation, storage, use, recycling, and disposal of poisonous baits and venoms. Rats trapped with poison baits, poisoned by fumigation agents and rat traps must all be incinerated or buried. They must not be thrown at random to prevent disease transmission. Fourth, technical requirements and measures for storage of grain At present, China's more common storage techniques are dry storage, ventilation and airtight storage, low temperature storage, controlled atmosphere storage, "double low" storage and "three low" storage, high moisture food anti-mildew Emergency measures are mainly applied chemical anti-mold agents. 1. Dry storage Dry storage refers to storage methods that use drying as the main means. This is the most basic measure to ensure food security storage. The freshly harvested food has a large amount of water and is in the ripening period. The drying speed should be slower. Generally, it is preferred to use high temperature after low temperature first, or to adopt secondary drying method. For soybeans with broad protein content, such as soybeans, broad beans and other legumes, the leaf tissue is fine, the capillaries are small, and the wet power is weak. However, the seed coat is loose and easily loses water. Otherwise it is easy to crack, wrinkle, affect the quality, and not resistant to storage. For oils with more fats, such as rapeseed, the moisture evaporates more easily, but the rapeseed grains are small and brittle, and it is easy to go oily under high temperature. Therefore, it is best to dry the grains and mix the sun with the oyster shell, which can prevent the oil from going out. It can also play a role in promoting drying. As for cereals such as rice and wheat, which contain more starch, due to the looser starch structure, the capillary in the grain is thick, and the wet power is strong. The proper use of high-temperature and rapid drying methods generally does not adversely affect quality. There are many methods for grain drying. At present, most of them use sun exposure and artificial drying. Sun exposure requires less equipment, low cost, easy operation, not only reduces water, but also kills insects, and helps to promote after-ripening. Artificial drying is a method of drying food using drying equipment. During mechanical drying, the hot air temperature and the exit food temperature should be controlled according to different grain types and moisture content so as not to impair the grain quality and germination rate. 2. Ventilation and airtight storage at the right time can promote gas exchange inside and outside the grain reactor, reduce temperature and humidity, prevent condensation of temperature difference, and prevent carbon dioxide accumulation from affecting seed viability. The timely sealing can reduce the impact of external temperature and external wetness on the grain heap, which is beneficial to keeping the grain heap low-temperature and dry. The two methods are different. Their purpose is to create low-temperature and dry conditions for safe storage. Therefore, on the basis of guaranteeing the dryness of incoming grain, during storage, according to the seasonal climate change and the specific conditions of the grain piles, ventilation or confinement will be carried out in due course, thus constituting a more complete storage measure. Ventilation storage mainly includes natural ventilation and mechanical ventilation. Natural ventilation is to open windows and doors at the right time, and gas exchange is performed through the natural convection of air. Mechanical ventilation is the use of single-tube or multi-tube ventilators to breeze or inhale low-temperature dry air outside the grain piles to achieve gas exchange. Regardless of the method used, the timing of ventilation is important. After ventilation, it is necessary to ensure that the grain piles cool down and get wet, or cool down without humidification, or reduce humidity without warming. Judging from the law of annual temperature change, the annual temperature rises during the season, the temperature is often higher than the warehouse temperature and grain temperature, generally not suitable for ventilation, should be mainly closed; temperature drop season, the grain temperature is mostly higher than the temperature, is the favorable timing of ventilation. According to the law of daily changes in temperature, nighttime temperatures are lower than during the day, and ventilation at night is often more favorable than during the day. However, the change in air humidity is opposite to the air temperature, that is, high temperatures, low relative humidity, low temperatures, and high relative humidity. Therefore, to select a low-temperature and dry ventilation timing, it is necessary to carefully check the temperature and humidity inside and outside the warehouse before making comparisons. For bulk food grain piles with high temperature and high humidity, natural ventilation should be performed when the temperature outside the warehouse is very low and the temperature difference is relatively large. Generally, ventilation should be used to turn the grain surface in order to disperse the hot and humid air inside the grain pile as soon as possible to avoid condensation. Closed storage methods are mainly full-closed storage and grain cover two. The closed storage of the entire warehouse is to close the doors and windows of the warehouse completely; the surface cover of the grain is to cover the grain surface with dried insect-free chaff, grass ash or bagged dry sand. Its purpose is to prevent external temperature and humidity from invading the grain piles, so it is generally performed before the spring season. 3. Low-temperature storage Low-temperature storage is to control the grain temperature to a lower level in order to achieve the purpose of safe storage. Practice has proved that low-temperature storage can limit the life activities of grain reactor organisms and reduce the loss of stored grain; it can slow down grain aging and facilitate preservation; it can effectively solve the problems of summer grain, oil, and oil products such as flour, rice, and oil. As the low-temperature storage does not use or reduce the use of chemical agents to treat foods and avoid or reduce pollution, it can maintain the health of the stored grain. In addition, low-temperature storage can also be used as an emergency measure to treat high-moisture foods. The current cryogenic storage methods include natural cryogenic storage, mechanical refrigeration cryogenic storage, and underground storage. The natural cryogenic storage is to adopt natural ventilation or freezing outside the storehouse in the winter season to reduce the temperature of the storage grain, and then adopt full-closed or grain-faced closed storage before the spring to make the grain dry at a low temperature for a long time. Natural cryogenic storage is better in areas with lower average temperatures in the North. Mechanical refrigeration Low-temperature storage is the use of refrigeration machinery to generate cold air into warehouses or grain piles to keep grain in a refrigerated state to inhibit the life activities of various biological components, and to ensure the safety of stored grain even in summer. Underground storage has a long history in China. The current main warehouse types are vertical silo, low-tipped horn, and low horn. Because the underground storage grain is less affected by the outside temperature and humidity, it has the same good effect as other low-temperature storage, such as heating, mildew proofing, pest control, and freshness preservation. Atmospheric storage is also called controlled atmosphere storage. It regulates the gas composition in the closed grain heap, mainly by reducing oxygen or increasing carbon dioxide. The concentration of nitrogen in order to inhibit the life activities of various biological components in the grain heap, so as to achieve the purpose of safe storage. Practice has proved that when the oxygen concentration drops to about 2%, or carbon dioxide increases to more than 40%, the mold is inhibited, the pests quickly die, and can maintain good grain quality. At present, there are air-tight grain storage technology, nitrogen storage grain, carbon dioxide storage grain, vacuum storage grain and so on. The key to atmosphere storage is to do a good job of sealing the grain piles. In general, six sides or five sides can be used for sealing. Bulk grain bulkies with well-sealed warehouses can be sealed with grain surfaces. Sealing materials are mostly polyvinyl chloride or polyethylene film. There are many methods of deoxygenation for controlled atmosphere storage, which can be broadly divided into biological oxygen reduction and mechanical oxygen reduction. Biological oxygen reduction is the use of biological respiration to consume oxygen from the sealed grain heap to achieve low oxygen storage. Specific measures include natural anoxia, microbe-assisted oxygen reduction, and heterogenous grain tandem oxygen reduction. Mechanical oxygen reduction is the use of certain mechanical equipment to remove the oxygen in the grain heap. The specific methods include oxygen purging and nitrogen filling, carbon dioxide infusion and oxygen exhaust, combustion nitrogen generator nitrogen deoxidation, and molecular sieve nitrogen-enriched deoxidation. 5. "Double Low" storage and "Three Low" storage "Double Low" storage generally refers to hypoxia, low dose sealed storage. It is a method of storing low-dose insecticides on the basis of natural hypoxia. This method can effectively eliminate the common pests of stored grain, and can prevent food from mildew. It has been proved that hypoxia worsens the ecological conditions of the helminths. At the same time, the application of pesticides to the sealed grain heap reduces the volatilization space of the pesticides, and virtually increases the effective concentration of the pesticides. The effect is remarkable. At the same time, due to less medication, it can not only save costs but also reduce the pollution of pharmaceuticals on the storage of food. "Double low" storage is generally after the grain is put into storage, first seal the grain heap to carry out natural anoxia, and when the oxygen is reduced to no longer fall and no insecticidal effect is achieved, low-dose aluminum phosphide tablets are used again, and the dosage is used. For 1 to 1.5 grams per cubic meter, the method of bag burial is applied. "Three lows" generally refers to low temperature, low oxygen, low drug storage methods, is a comprehensive measure of grain storage. At present, the use of low-temperature storage of grain, in addition to mechanical refrigeration low temperature warehouse, generally can not achieve the purpose of controlling pests and microorganisms all the year round, and must be coordinated with other effective measures to carry out comprehensive treatment in order to be more effective. Food stored in high temperature seasons can be taken as hypoxia (closed) - low drug (with worms) - low temperature (after October ventilation); low temperature season storage of food taken at low temperature (ventilation) - hypoxia (times After spring) - low drug (when insects) storage.
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